Should We Rent An Apartment Or Pay For A Hospital How...

Imagine finding out that your child was diagnosed with cancer. I bet a million questions would be going through your head. How much is the treatment going to cost? How are we going to get to the hospital every time my child needs treatment? And how are we going to pay to get to there? Where will we stay? Should we rent an apartment or pay for a hotel? How much will housing cost? There are several answers to all of those questions. Families never receive a bill from St. Jude (â€Å"St. Jude Facts; Quick Facts Figures†). St. Jude will pay for the transportation to get to the hospital so families will never have to worry about paying for the gas or the ticket to get there (â€Å"Families Never Pay; Travel†). St. Jude will also pay for any meals or†¦show more content†¦If she was not cured, I would not be here today. She would have passed away if it would not have been for St. Jude’s and she would have never had me. Audience / Clients / Users Patients receiving treatment at St. Jude’s, as well as the hospital itself, will benefit from my project. The patient’s parents will also benefit because they will not have to worry about paying for anything. All they have to worry about is their child and being a good support system for them. Timeline September Deliverables Register our school and find out what the whole fundraiser entails before we register our school (9/29) Talk with Kim Johnson (Cheer Coach) (9/29) Talk with Mrs. Salsman (9/29) Daily Updates on Google Classroom October Deliverables Contact/be in touch with St. Jude Representative (10/10) Talk to/with GHS cheerleaders who cheer FB BB (Josie) and Mrs. Mersman (10/31) Daily Updates on Google Classroom November Deliverables Fill out fundraising paperwork (11/3) Assign leadership roles (11/14) Contact anyone who may need to be contacted (11/22) Find ideas on how we will fundraise (11/24) Set up online fundraising page (11/29) If doing silent auction, ask businesses and general public if they would like to donate anything to the cause (11/30) Daily Updates on Google Classroom Weekly meetings between the different committees December Deliverables Decide on an incentiveShow MoreRelatedSocial Housing s Design Approach And Its Associated Urban Planning2536 Words   |  11 Pagesdesign approach and its associated urban planning in modern era. â€Å"The physical and social theories† outlines the urban planning idea of social housing (Utopian idea) and according to Jane’s statement, such experiment of these theories were deem to be unsuccessful. It is inevitably certain to some extent that a provocative statement towards modern era social housing approaches would hold true due to the minimal success the plans brought to the city, such as solving the working class commendations temporarilyRead MoreAnalysis Of Kay Schmitt s The Dreams 2207 Words   |  9 Pageswas able to obtain her degree. While nearing the end of her college studies, she realized that Scott County had a housing shortage and she started to think of ways to solve this problem. The town was in need of smaller homes for retired and widowed people that did not necessarily need to live in a nursing home, but wanted to downsize their home. Kay began to draw up plans for apartments that would appeal to the wealthy, and retired aged people. After graduating Kay went to all three of the localRead MoreBetter Care For A Lower Fare2535 Words   |  11 Pagesdifferent areas of Brooklyn there are Public Housing set-up for those who are considered â€Å"low-income families†. Public Housing in brief was originally set up for people who would temporarily live there until they could eventually afford something better. In this day and age now Public Housing have become a â€Å"safe haven† for families who are low income as well as receive benefits such as food assistance (food stamps), Section 8 ( program set up to help pay rent to families who may not be able to affordRead MoreCase110038 Words   |  41 PagesDirector Lyndia Downie and the Pine Street Board of Directors commissioned two studies in 2004 to help them make $1 million in immediate cuts to the budget and, in addition, reassess their long-term organizational strategy. One study analyzed the costs and benefits of different Pine Street programs; the other analyzed the length of stay for each newcomer to the Pine Street shelter system over a year-long period. Both studies were useful, Downie said, but data from the latter would prove life-alteringRead MoreFuture of Skilled Nursing Facilities: Medical Model vs. Social Model4855 Words   |  20 Pagesinvolved in her care during the last 10 years of her life. However, I was more involved in her quality-of-life efforts as oppose to her medical care. I remember on some days she would be so sad. She would always tell me that because she required so much assistance from my aunt and other relatives, she was made to feel as if she was burden to them. She would sometimes talk about going to a skilled-nursing facility, but because of the horrible stories that our family had heard and/or witnessed regardingRead MoreOrg Dev6983 Words   |  28 PagesEastgate Lane Apt: Apt G Bloomington, IN 47408 APPLICATION DOCUMENT COVER SHEET State Form 53678 (R2 / 1-11) / DFR 1011 *DFRASAE01007AH3P3* Instructions ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Please fill out and submit this form when you send copies of documents that we have asked you to provide. A list of the documents to provide is in the Information to Get You Started instructions included with your application. When you have filled out this form, place it on top of the copies of your documents and mail or fax itRead MoreEntrepreneurship in Pakistan20067 Words   |  81 PagesEntrepreneurship as Rent-seeking 5 3. The Nature of Pakistani State 7 4. How Did Entrepreneurship Develop in Pakistan? 9 (a) The Big Push for Industry 9 (b) The Neglect of the â€Å"Small† 11 (c) Agriculture and the Elite Bias 12 (d) Subsidies for Export 13 5. The Unintended Consequences 14 (a) Inequality and Bank Defaults 14 (b) Crippled Innovation 15 (c) Rent-seeking and Land Development 16 (d) Non-commercial Cities 17 6. Understanding Business in Pakistan 21 (a) The Attraction of Rents 22 (b) TheRead MoreUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 Pages(Current Value): 2005-2009 22 Table 19 Annual Disposable Income per Household (Constant 2009 Value): 2010-2020 22 Table 20 Households by Number of Persons: 2005-2009 22 Table 21 Households by Number of Persons: 2010-2020 23 Home Ownership 23 Running Costs 24 Shopping for Household Goods 24 Possession of Household Durables 25 DIY and Gardening 25 Pet Ownership 25 Table 22 Households by Tenure: 2005-2009 26 Table 23 Households by Tenure: 2010-2020 26 Table 24 Households by Type of Dwelling: 2005-2009Read MoreLand Law Procedures in Kenya16833 Words   |  68 PagesNational Land Policy * Land Policy * ------------------------------------------------- A set of 26 selected statutes currently governing land law and land transactions in Kenya. ------------------------------------------------- 1. Distress for Rent Act (Cap. 293) 2. Equitable Mortgages Act (Cap. 291)   3. Estate Agents Act (Cap. 533) 5. Land (Group Representatives) Act (Cap. 287) 7. Land Adjudication Act (Cap. 284) 8. Land Consolidation Act (Cap. 283)   9. Land Control Act (Cap. 302) 10. LandRead MoreEssay on Rochester Business Plan6009 Words   |  25 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;We feel that there are several beautiful attractions that make up the Greater Rochester Area of which this target audience is unaware. This marketing plan aims to get this market out into the suburbs and city of Rochester to see the diversity and unique options that our area provides. This will alleviate the negative stigma held by the 18-28 demographic by bringing to their attention the ample business and recreational opportunities available. We seek to build a stronger

Health Psychologists What Affects Your Physical Health

Health Psychologists: What Affects Your Physical Health Health Psychology studies psychological/behavioral health, illness and healthcare. Understanding how psychological factors (like attitude, stress, emotions, etc.) impact a person’s health are examples of Health Psychology. Someone that studies Health Psychology is called a Health Psychologist. A Health Psychologist evaluates the behavior of someone. After evaluating someone, they strive to find ways to help better a person s choices that will keep good health and prevent illness. There are different subfields -Community, Occupational, etc.- and specialties within Health Psychology (Health Psychologist, 2015). Health Psychologists can be found about anywhere because they are employed in a great deal of places. Method To become a Health Psychologist, you must hold a doctorates degree in psychology and earn a bachelor’s degree before getting your graduate. Before becoming a Health Psychologist, most states require you to practice clinically, allowing a person to complete a one year supervised internship (Pursuing, 2015). If an individual has a masters degree there are more opportunities available. But if an individual doesn’t have a masters, Clinical Psychologists typically supervise them (Health Psychologist, 2015). After graduating, a person can become an employer in a variety of places. For example; universities, non-profit groups,hospitals, government agencies, etc. According to the AmericanShow MoreRelatedHealth And Health Of The World Health Organization Essay1289 Words   |  6 PagesThe definition of health according to the World Health Organization is: â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmityà ¢â‚¬ . It is the goal of health psychologists to identify and understand what determines physical, mental, and social well-being. Rather than focusing on mental illness, it focuses on physical health. The aim of health psychology is to promote and maintain health, prevent and treat illness, identify and diagnose the correlationRead MorePsychological Perspectives On Mental Health Disorders1728 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the world heath organisation (2010) â€Å"health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity†. When looking at the aspect of health most people will mention characteristics of physical health yet fail to include mental health. Psychological perspectives are the different ways in which psychologists look at individual’s behaviours, thoughts and feelings. Although some of the psychological perspectives are very different whileRead MoreCareer Research Assignment : Career1523 Wo rds   |  7 PagesAvery Daffer 11/01/2016 Career Research Assignment The Career I chose to research a career in Health Psychology, focusing somewhat on clinical work. I chose this career path in particular because of my major and emphasis in Health Psychology; I wanted to know what the opportunities, benefits, and requirements were for pursuing this specific field within psychology. I was made aware of this option as a major emphasis during my first semester at BYU-Idaho, and I knew at that point that I wanted toRead MoreWhy Do A Surgery Or Not?894 Words   |  4 Pagesof aging would be a doctor and a psychologist. I think that both these job require knowledge of aging because they are used throughout our whole life and different aliments can affect us at different ages in life. A doctor should have knowledge of an older person and their physical and mental issues because it can be the difference between deciding to do a surgery or not. A psychologist should have knowledge of older folks mental issues so that they can decide what the older person is going throu ghRead MoreMental And Behavioral Health Services1216 Words   |  5 Pagesconception, people face an array of changes both physically and psychologically until death. Lifespan development is the name psychologists have given to the physical and cognitive changes that occur throughout a person’s life and one important issue in the field of Life-Span Development is the topic of the elderly and the struggles that they face. This following issue affects me personally because I see it every day at an acute care hospital where I work. I have observed how their family members treatRead MoreEssay on Choosing Psychology as a Career1558 Words   |  7 Pages(McLeod). There is no doubt that he, along with the later help of Sigmund Freud, launched what is now modern psychology. Psychology and its research helped the world understand the inner workings of the mind and how it affects everyone around us. Many associate psychology with sitting in a chair in a small office as someone taking notes, asking how you feel about a certain event or feeling, analyzing your deepest secrets and memories. However, it branches off into many other fields. A clinical psychologist’sRead MoreEssay on Definitions of Health1228 Words   |  5 PagesDefinitions of health It is fairly difficult to define health as there are no agreements between scholars. This is why many sociologists focus their research on the different issues and problems of ill health. Positive definition of health: positive health looks at the physical, emotional, intellectual aspects of a person’s wellbeing. This is in the way that they do not have any diseases or ailments. An example of the positive definition of health in a health and social care is a nurse in whoRead MoreDifferent Disciplines Of Sports And Exercise Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesDifferent disciplines are kept in check by different governing bodies. These governing bodies make sure practitioners are correct in practice and state what they can and cannot do. There are many different disciplines within sport and exercise science and they all have different approaches to improve sporting performance and health. Governing body’s reason for existence is to set out policies and rules within an institution to make sure practitioners are morally ethically and legally correct. GoverningRead MoreWhat is Psychology?925 Words   |  4 Pagesour behavior include physical, emotions, thoughts and social. It can help to solve humans’ problems if we have a complete understanding of the above factors. There are 6 steps Scientific Method to understand or determine why people behave in certain ways. Which is making observation, defining a problem, proposing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, theory building and lastly, publishing results. There are different aspects in psychology. For example, clinical psychology, health psychology, neuropsychologyRead MoreStress And Health : Can Stress Affect A Person s Health? Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pages Stress and Health Can stress affect a person’s health? It’s a very good question. There have been a lot of studies done on the effects of stress on health. Stress comes in so many forms and can affect people differently. Some short-term types of stresses can actually benefit the immune system while other long-term types of stresses can be detrimental to it. The long-term types of stresses are what will be focused on. Learning how to deal with stress in better ways can help prevent the damage

Speaking and Listening on Charity Appeals Free Essays

Starter: there are many different types of charity appeals most of which we have been exposed to time and time again. Here is a sample charity appeal that we have written and we would like you to say what you think about it Q and A questions: -What was affective about this appeal -What was not so affective -Overall what do you think is better a speech spoken orally or on a tv or radio Appeal follow up: if it is tv – then say personally I think that)In general charity appeals that are spoken orally, like the one i just read out are better because they are more inviting and encouraging to the audience; whereas other more visual ones are harsher with the audience. also people tend to take in more when a person is actually speaking to them face to face as it isn’t as manufactured as the visual appeals. We will write a custom essay sample on Speaking and Listening on Charity Appeals or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is straight to the point and even more truthful also the audience can actually feel the emotion coming from the appeal instead of just staring at a TV. General intro: There is no denying that charity appeals, oral or on the television are effective. But really, how effective are they? Do they have an effect on us? Or are we just immune to them? Well, in my personal opinion, I think that Charity appeals do have an effect on us. When we see a charity appeal on television we feel upset or distraught by the images shown and the content. They get the message across very clearly. The general message in a charity appeal is â€Å"People in the western world are very well off, then there are the extremely poor people in poor countries who do not have water or cannot even feed their children† A message like this makes the reader feel guilty and will make them pick that phone up and donate money to these countries. An image of a disastrous earthquake will make the viewer feel upset, however sometimes an image of a man with a tear streaming down his sombre face. Against Although there are many obvious pros to charity appeals there are some negatives that are closely followed by. One main reason is that they are too repetitive, and can become tedious watching the same advert all the time. So in essence people don’t tend to notice them anymore. Also many people have just resorted to changing the channel, because of the appeal being something they’ve seen one too many times or it being too long and dreary. Another thing is that there is now so many charities that nearly every appeal that you hear follows the same obvious message but with a different name at the beginning of it. Likewise some appeals are just too upsetting sure this may create an impact on the viewer but there is a line between evoking some sort of emotion and becoming totally despondent and disheartened in this already depressing world we live In. nother aspect of this is that the charity appeals can be too accessible to younger children in terms of the tv, radio or internet. This may cause the child to become seriously affected by an especially depressing appeal. to children the world is a perfect place so why should charity appeals burst the bubble they live in. Also By having so many charities claiming that they are helping the world tends to make you wonder why hasn’t anything big been achieved yet shouldn’t something like world starvation been sorted out yet? How to cite Speaking and Listening on Charity Appeals, Papers

Operations Management Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Operations Management for Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction The case revolves around Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd. Founded by Mei Fund Chen in 2008; the company specializes in designing and manufacturing customized kitchen cabinets. The owners specialize in the field of designing of cabinets and interior designing. With time popularity and demand of the companys product has increased which has led to several operational issues for the company. The company diversified its product portfolio and wanted to create its own value proposition which required capabilities in its operations. As job responsibilities increased the owners tried to divide the work among them to manage the operations of the business(Bell, 2002). Present Production System and Processes utilized by Hawkesbury Cabinets Companies and firms adopt many improvements in their methods and measures of doing business so that they can improve their overall performance in terms of turnaround time as well as resource allocations and also overall profitability. Operation Management including logistic have always been regarded as one of the most crucial factors that the companies should invest in to gain a competitive edge. Supply chain as a stream has evolved over the years and several researches have been conducted in the space of lean manufacturing from which concepts can be derived to improve the operations of the company in concern(Ahlstrom, 2004). Fungs duty increases with the passage of time and he had to take care of the responsibility of an operational manager. Therefore it is necessary to understand the business requirements so that an appropriate and sustainable solution can be proposed.These solutions should be aimed at streamlining and optimizing the manufacturing process that can deal with the present issue of the company(Shah and Ward, 2007). Operation management differs a lot from the engineering and manufacturing department and is an integral responsibility of the management as thoughtful planning and calculations are very much necessary for successful production and profits with minimal overheads and turnaround time. Logistic, an important component of operation management looks after the overall flow of goods and products right from their point of production to the point where they are sold off to the consumers. The resources utilized in the process are physical as well as abstract components. The physical compone nts includes materials used in production, workers, food, animals (if required) while the abstract components include time, work hours, packing, overhead, inventory, warehousing, transportation etc. Both the components incur a cost for the company and the complexity needs to analyzed and modeled as well as optimized to get the maximized profits(Connolly, 2007). The Hawkesbury Cabinets does its operations in one single manufacturing unit in Mulgrave. That single manufacturing unit is responsible for manufacturing both customized and standardized kitchen cabinets. The equipments with which the cabinets are made comprises of very superior quality regular machines so that they are provided with the flexibility that is required for manufacturing varied designs. The layout of the factory comprises of many manufacturing machines grouped at one place; for example the cutting tables and saws are organized in one section while routers, shapers, in another. The less used items are kept in a place less visited by the workers. Assembly areas are also located with much strategic designs in the factory over many places. The cabinets are painted and given their finishing touch at a very environmentally measured section, which is located towards the end of the layout. The products produced by Hawkesbury Cabinets are thus of very high quality and are held in superior esteems. Their qualities reflect the superiority of materials and goods chosen to manufacture them and the skills and craftsmanship of the manufacturers and artisans. The standard as well as customized cabinets need to compete for the time of processing on the same manufacturing units by the same workers(Eroglu and Hofer, 2011). Impact of new builders kitchen line on Operations With the increase in the reputation of the company, the sales and demand increased manifold and many contracts with much lower volumes were signed with the builders for high quality standard cabinets. The company required to manufacture a limited range of kitchen cabinets in very low batches ranging from one to five cabinets of same specifications and measures. The company had to operate under stringent conditions for the manufacture of kitchen cabinets for clients which are standardized. The customized designs still accounts for most of companys productions and sales, the standard ones were also picking up pace. They accounted for 40% of the volume and in terms of revenue 25%. The previous few months sale has increases a lot which required careful scheduling of work and trade-offs had to be made between the customized one and the standardized ones. The customized cabinets were given higher priority as they brought in higher profit margins. Hence, many standardized cabinets that were scheduled for delivery, were found left in the factory at different phases of completion. And the company is packed with many partially finished projects. This was one of the most important concerns for the company(Fullerton, Kennedy, and Widener, 2014). Operation Management is one of the core competencies of the business. Giving the example of Toyota, the company creates a wide range of autos every year, 66% of them are traded. The way toward creating the Camry at Toyota's assembling plant in Altona is like delivering a cake (or some other item so far as that is concerned). The following stride is to change those crude materials into yield (completed items). Operation Managementgoes beyond manufacturing any product(Steckel, 2004). Severalattachmentstry to create good quality products. Toyota utilizes the idea of nonstop change to do this (alluded to in Japanese as kaizen). This implies all organization exercises from the mechanical production system to client administration are persistently investigated, so that new and better methods for doing things are presented if necessary(Jang, 2003). Effect of the move to producing builders kitchens might have on the companys financial structure As Mein Chan was reviewed the progress of the company, she was very pleased to learn the company had expanded in terms of both volume and demand. The custom cabinets demand remains as it was while the demand for the standard ones are increasing steadily. But she was sad to learn that the profit margin of the company was not satisfactory; below expectation. She also found that the cost that is linked with the standard cabinet manufacturingwere rising exponentially while a significant portion of capital is tied up with producing materials in the inventory increasing the holding cost and inventory cost. Another drawback that was noticed was the increasing turnaround time for both the types of cabinets(Schowm, 2008). Conclusion Hence a good operation management is very much required in the effective and efficient process of manufacturing goods that would provide maximum profits. The present system of operation at the Hawkesbury Cabinets were taking the capacity limits against the call with the present layout at which they were manufacturing both the types of cabinets at the same using the resources. It was high time for the management of the company to look into carefully at the overall result that the new line of the standardized kitchen cabinets were having on the operations of the firm. Reference Ahlstrom, P. (2004) Lean service operations: Translating lean production principles to service operations, International Journal of Services Technology and Management, 5(5/6), p. 545. Doi: 10.1504/ijstm.2004.006284. Bell, J. (2002) Batch process oven,Metal Finishing, 100(11-12), p. 75. Doi: 10.1016/s0026-0576(02)80956-4. Connolly, C. (2007) Assembly operations streamlined by ABBs global partner Programme,Assembly Automation, 27(3), pp. 198201. Doi: 10.1108/01445150710763204. Eroglu, C. and Hofer, C. (2011) Lean, leaner, too lean?The inventory-performance link revisited,Journal of Operations Management, 29(4), pp. 356369. Doi: 10.1016/j.jom.2010.05.002. Fullerton, R.R., Kennedy, F.A. and Widener, S.K. (2014) Lean manufacturing and firm performance: The incremental contribution of lean management accounting practices,Journal of Operations Management, 32(7-8), pp. 414428. Doi: 10.1016/j.jom.2014.09.002. Jang, J.C. (2003) Operations research/management science,Computers Operations Research, 20(5), p. 556. Doi: 10.1016/0305-0548(93)90027-g. Schowm, A. (2008) Streamlined management,Vital, 6(1), pp. 5858. Doi: 10.1038/vital905. Shah, R. and Ward, P.T. (2007) Defining and developing measures of lean production,Journal of Operations Management, 25(4), pp. 785805. Doi: 10.1016/j.jom.2007.01.019.

Why do people drink soft drinks Essay Example

Why do people drink soft drinks? Paper In a review of 146 published reports, it was found that nothing comes close to water as the most preferred drink. It has does not have calories, doesn’t post danger to the health, and only gives so much benefits (Brody, 2007). Therefore it is an enigma why millions of people still consume an artificially sweetened and flavored carbonated drink, commonly called ‘soft drinks’, to quench their thirst while there exists a better option, i. e. water. Michael Jacobsen, the executive director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, aptly called soft drinks as ‘liquid candy’. Soft drinks high fructose corn syrup content makes a solo 12-ounce can of it roughly equivalent to 13 teaspoons of sugar (West, 2007). It now comes into question: how did the public acquire a taste for soft drinks? To answer this question, let us take a journey into the roots of the soft drinks industry and also of soft drink consumption. The Origin of Soda A predecessor of soda was sold in France by a company named Compagnie de Limonadiers, which was formed in Paris in 1676. They called their product ‘soft drinks’ as opposed to the intoxicating hard drinks known to them during those times. However, the said drink is just a noncarbonated version of soda, mixed with water and lemon juice, then sweetened with honey. The company’s vendors used to dispense cups of lemonade from the tanks that they carried on their backs. Even then, when soft drinks were not yet carbonated, it was already a lucrative business. The right to sell this kind of drinks was granted only to the said company, thus giving monopolistic power to it (Soft drink, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Why do people drink soft drinks? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why do people drink soft drinks? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why do people drink soft drinks? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then came the ‘seltzer water’. The term seltzer, referring to â€Å"seltzer water (after the village Nieder Setters near Wiesbaden in West Germany where it occurs naturally)† (Coyle, 1982, p. 132), was most probably where Alka-Seltzer derived its name. To make seltzer water, a tablet that can be purchased from the drugstore is put on tap water to make it bubbly and is taken as a cure for indigestion. Back then, taking baths in natural springs was considered good for the health since mineral water was thought to have the power to cure diseases. Bubbling water was then equated with wellness of health. Thus came the idea that if the bubbling waters in the mineral springs were good to soak in, it will be much better if one can drink it too. Doctor Joseph Priestley Not long after, in their desire to imitate the bubbling water of the mineral springs, it was discovered by scientists that ‘gas carbonium’ or ‘carbon dioxide’ is what makes the mineral water bubble. In 1767, a doctor in England named Joseph Priestley was able to come up with the first ever potable artificial glass of carbonated water. Commercialization of bottled seltzer water was started in 1807 by a chemist professor in Yale University named Benjamin Silliman (Carbonated Beverage, 2004, p. 8495). This sparkling water was presumed to have healing properties such as aiding digestion, and calming the nerves. Soda comes to America It was in the year 1798 when the coinage of the term ‘soda water’ happened. While still in London, John Matthews had learned from inventor Joseph Bramah the basics about making carbonic acid gas and building carbonating machinery. In 1831, John Matthews immigrated to the United States where he invented his apparatus for making carbonated water. He was called the Father of American Soda Water by the soda fountain industry and most historians credit him in bringing soda to America. He then began supplying carbonated water to establishments in the New York area where he immigrated (American Heritage, 1947, p. 11-12). After 1830, sweetened and flavored (lemon-lime, grape, orange) carbonated drinks became popular (Carbonated Beverage, 2004, p. 8495). Among these was carbonated lemonade, also known as ‘ginger ale’, which heralded the advent of the popular carbonated drinks or sodas of today – ‘soft drinks’.

Intellectual performance of mentally children essays

Intellectual performance of mentally children essays Wouldnt it be great if there was a new vitamin that had the potential to raise the intellectual performance of mentally challenged children? A study conducted at Raritan Valleys department of science discovered a vitamin that will increases the intellectual performance of mentally challenged children. After many years of research, this vitamin can improve the mind of a retarded child. With so many children that are born so unfortunate and there was nothing that could be done about it until now. My staff and I have worked on this experiment for a very long time. Our predictions about the vitamin are that it will change the future for the best. The dosage given daily of the vitamins will improve of intellectual performance of each participant in my study. In the following research I needed to conduct servable test on children to find out their intellectual performance. In order to develop such a research, it was necessary to devise a structural approach for gathering and interpreting the information. Children from the school of special education were randomly chosen. Now remember that all of these children are mentally challenged. The children vary from ages of five to nine years old. The children are both males and females. There are ten males and nine females. Factors were taken into account like age, gender, and health that way there couldnt be any differences in either of the two groups. We randomly divide the participants into two groups in order to observe the different reaction. Both groups were giving puzzles to compare their abilities of proceeding data and comprehending. Once establishing that both groups were at the same intellectual performance level we gave one group the vitamin. As for the other group we gave them the same environment and treatment. Exempt they didnt get the vitamin. Data was recorded daily to keep track of both groups. We took pre-plan procedures for dealing with i...

Parental Apathy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Parental Apathy - Case Study Example The principle strongly discourages Mrs. Rose from pursuing increased parent involvement in the school, citing that he is contented with the current state of affairs at the school. After lengthy persuasion, with ambivalent, the principle agreed to have a meeting with the parents under two conditions; that there would be no PTA but allow the parents to form an advisory committee. Even with one week’s notice to the meeting, sent home with the students, only eight parents attended. Due to poor turnout, the principle contemplated on cancelling the meeting. Schools present our children with an opportunity to acquire knowledge and learn new things. Not only are the lessons taught in a school geared towards professional excellence, they also aim at making children good and responsible people in the society. While teachers hold the role and responsibility of instilling knowledge in the children, they also ensure that students become morally upright people. However, teachers at times fa il to observe this essential role of their job. Therefore, there is every need to keep such teachers in check. Although principles have the mandate to do this, sometimes they too could disregard their duties, leaving incompetent teachers work in their institutions. This reality necessitates the inclusion of the parents in their children’s learning activities through involvement parental programs (Gorton, Alston, and Petra 331-332). Parents should thus be part of their children’s learning process. The community should also take part in ensuring that children receive the best education, be it academic or otherwise. Having a sound home-school partnership is the best way of achieving this objective. There is every need therefore for the schools to bring on board parents and the community in the learning process of their children. The school’s management should ensure that there exists a good relationship between the parents and the school. Gradually, parents have be come lesser involved in schools and their children’s learning process, a factor that has reduced cohesion between these two parties. In the past, parents took part in their children’s learning process. They found time to take part in different meetings happening in the learning institutions. Parents can understand this role if communicated by a district leader, rather than a school assistant principle. This is because of the culture of ignorance established by the parenting community. Moreover, people trend to honour authority more than management. This explains the reason why, even with a week’s notice top the meeting given to the parents, only eight of them attended. This describes high ignorance levels among the parents in our society. A district leader should thus intervene in such situations to ensure that parents actively take part in their children’s learning process (Gorton, Alston, and Petra 331-332). A district leader acts as a link between fami lies and the community members and at times between the community and the school. For a long time, the relationship between the community and learning institutions has considerably worsened. Because of this, parents forgot their role of ensuring that their children received the best form of education and training. A child cannot learn in school alone; the community is also part of the areas where a child can acquire education. Since families exist in a community where there is a high

The Simultaneous Repression of CCR and CAD, TWO Enzymes of the Lignin Essay

The Simultaneous Repression of CCR and CAD, TWO Enzymes of the Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway, Results in Sterility and Dwarfism i - Essay Example Later on, understanding pathways may be used in the laboratory synthesis of these compounds. Moreover, the induction, as well as repression, of their production in plants through anthropogenic intervention to promote optimal plant growth and/or fruit bearing may be conducted. This is important as many secondary metabolites are already used by humans. In the case of lignins, genes CCR and CAD have been identified as the encoders for the last and specific steps for monolignol biosynthesis, the first part of lignin pathway. Because of the complex nature of biochemical production, regulation of a certain pathway may affect other pathways as well. Such effects may be great enough to cause changes in phenotype. In the case of monolignol biosynthesis in tobacco, the silencing of both CCR and CAD genes resulted not only to a reduction of lignin production but to a decrease in plant size as well. The recent study by Thevenin et al. (2011) looked into the effects of silencing monolignol-specif ic CAD and CCR genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The plant contains two CCR genes, but only one, CCR 1, is specific for lignification. The mutant lines for this gene, irx4, ccr1s and ccr1g, are dwarves, have a reduced amount of lignin (25-35%), and have a modified set of phenolic metabolites. On the other hand, A. thaliana contains nine CAD genes, two of which, CAD C and CAD D, are involved in lignin biosynthesis. CAD C and CAD D double mutants, unlike CCR 1 mutants, has a normal size and 40% amount of lignin. The effects on leaf and flower morphology, lignin structure and content, amount of sugar, and other metabolites were observed. RESULTS Identification and Phenotyping of the ccc Triple Mutant After crossing ccr 1 g mutant with cad c and cad d double mutant, and producing ccc mutant, the absence of CCR 1, CAD C, and CAD D expression in ccc mutants was verified using RT-PCR. 1. Leaf Morphology The growth of wild type, ccc, cad c, cad d, and ccr 1 g from plantlets to senescence were observed at greenhouse conditions. At 30 days, the absence of CCR 1 caused the leaves to change its morphology from rosette to pointed and rolled. The decrease in leaf size was also noted most noticeably among ccc plantlets (5-fold shorter), and less prominently in ccr 1 g (3-fold shorter. On the other hand, the absence of both cad c and cad d expression did not cause any decrease in leaf size. 2. Flower Morphology More changes were observed in the flowers. Similar to leaves, the mature floral stem is smaller in ccc than in ccr 1 g mutants. However, when compared to the wild type, the triple mutant senesced later, despite its first inflorescence being prematurely shriveled. In addition, male flowers are sterile. Despite possessing normal pollens, the anthers were unable to release them. As a result, more than 50% of ccc mutants were not able to undergo seed germination. The ccc triple mutant possesses non-dehiscent anthers Initial flower development and stamen filament elongation we re similar in ccc and wild-type A. thaliana. However, ccc anthers, despite containing pollens whose sizes germinating capability (through Alexander and aniline blue staining) were similar to that of wild-type, did not dehisce as what normally happens. Probably, the absence of lignified secondary thickening observed among ccc plants may have caused the non-dehiscent of anthers. The ccr 1 g plants, on the other hand, have few

E-government problems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

E-government problems - Research Paper Example Past literature illustrates the application of e-governance within federal offices (Groznik, Kovacic & Trkman, 2008). This includes communication through information systems and the internet among federal offices. Researchers demonstrate that such communication is the prerequisite to the ability of government offices to have effective relations (DG Information Society and Media, 2007). It is in this regard therefore that e-governments have been said to employ technology in ensuring that all of its offices work towards a common goal of providing efficient and effective services to the public (Chee-Wee & Benbasat, 2009). It is however notable through a review of past literature on e-governments, that scholars have not reached specific definitions for all aspects of e-governance. This is demonstrated by the different understandings and descriptions of issues in e-governance such as effectiveness, applicability, user friendliness and the various applications that are used in the implemen tation of e-government across all platforms of government operations (Ong, Katerattanakul & Seok Jeong, 2008). Past research literature agrees that e-government and its design are aimed at benefiting citizens (Sarantis, Smithson, Charalabidis & Askounis, 2010). This includes workers across a nation that implements e-governance, ordinary citizens, practitioners and researchers (Kazemikaitiene & Bileviciene, 2008). The definition of e-government reveals how citizens benefit from its applications. For example most of past literature on the topic reports that e-government is a set of technological tools and applications which are designed with an aim of facilitating communication and interaction between citizens and the government (Teo, Srivastava & Jiang, 2008). More notable is the fact that past literature agrees that the satisfaction of citizens on e-governance is less satisfactory in most states (Svard, 2010). This is attributed to the challenges or problems that are faced by e-gove rnments as described in the following sections of the literature review. Failures in E-Government Leadership The process of acquisition, design, installation and implementation technology within government institutions, agencies and offices requires that proper monitoring and control is guaranteed for success (BBC, 2012). Even though past literature presents the various processes of developing e-governments differently, it is evident that proper leadership is vital for successful development of information systems within all levels of governance (Hakan & Karl, 2009). It is in this regard that researchers have focused at an evaluation of the leadership processes within government agencies that employ technology. Researchers report that several failures characterize the leadership of government agencies and departments in regard to the development of e-government applications (Groznik, Kovacic & Trkman, 2008). Among the most notable failures in leadership include poor control and mana gement of the initiation stage of e-government development and poor control of the implementation

Development of Dental Adhesive

Development of Dental Adhesive Dr. Muhammad Zakir, PhD Student Faculty of Dentistry Introduction Dental adhesive are considered as an important products in dentistry not only to provide a good adhesion between dental materials and the tooth structure but also for a good bonding between dental prosthesis and resin cements. The presence of a good dental adhesive between the two dissimilar surface not only increases the longevity of the material but also enhances the mechanical property of the prosthesis. Dental adhesives have been used widely in clinical restorative dentistry resulting in the bonding between the prosthesis and resin materials. Dental materials like zirconia, titanium, Cobalt-chromium alloys, other metal alloys and glass fibres are used as prosthesis and bonded to the tooth structure via resin composites. Many researchers have studied the effect of coupling agents or the adhesive agents used in industries in the dental field, giving good results of bonding between the substrate and resin cement. But, still the main problem remains i.e., that these adhesives are considered hydrolitically unstable when they are subjected to the conditions mimicing the oral cavity. The reason behind the development of novel coupling agents are to somehow increase the longevity of adhesion between the dental materials for the patient. There has been an evolution of the coupling agnets in dentistry as different types of coupling agents are now being used like for e.g., silane coupling agents, zirconia coupling agents, phosphate based coupling agents. Researchers and scientists have been thoroughly working on the enhancement of bonding by modifications of these dental adhesives. Literature Reivew Silanes in dentistry are used as primers for increasing the adhesion between various dental materials and prosthetic substrates. Silanes are also very biocompatible and cost-effective. Different studies have been conducted which have used different silanes for the adhesion of zirconia to resin cements, titanium, to resin cements and glass fibers to resin cements. But still not a single perfect material has been obtained. Some have hydrophilicity problems, some have the problem of reduced bond strength with aging and some have inferior adhesion properties when subjected to the oral conditions. A study done by Matinlinna et al. showed that the bond strength of four experimental silane systems between zirconia and resin cement the 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane(ACPS), 3-styrylethyltrimethoxysilane(STYRX), 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane(ICS), 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPS) with a cross linking silane monomer bis-1-2-(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE) was higher than the pre-activated dental silane product RelyX ceramic primer [1]. Similarly, another study by Matinlinna et al. stated that the by using some less usual functional monomers as experimental primers can enhance the bonding of resin to zirconia as the study proves by stating that 3-Acryloxypropyltrimehoxysilane, 3-glycidoxyproplytrimethoxysilane and styrylethyltrimethoxysilane increase the bonding of resin to zirconia when compared to the pre-activated dental silane product RelyX ceramic primer [2]. Zirconia is a very biocompatible material which has a high wear resistance due to it being dense. The zirconia which is used in dentistry has good mechanical and chemical properties making it a material of choice for many dental applications as it fulfills the functional requirements [3]. In dentistry Zirconia is used mainly as endodontic posts, implant abutments, crowns, bridges and implants. But the bonding of zirconia to resin is weak due to zirconia being an inert material. Thus, to promote the adhesion of zirconia to resins surface conditioning of zirconia is done mainly sandblasting with silica coated alumina particles followed by silanization with a silane coupling agent [4]. Titanium and its alloys are vastly used in the field of dentistry not only due to their biocompatibility but also due to their corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. In dentistry titanium and its alloys are used to make prothesis appliances like metal frameworks for fixed and romovable partial dentures, full crowns, bridges, endodontic posts and dental implants [5,6]. Titanium is cemented after surface treatment by tribochemical silica a type of sandblasting treatment and and then silanized to give good bonding as it is a non-silica based material [7]. One main problem related to this titanium is it’s weak bond to the resin cements. Thus, to cover these problems many methods have been proposed and tested mechanical retention, chemical retention or a combination of both [8]. Problem Statement Although there are quite a few adhesives which promote the bonding of different dental materials to the resin cements but most of them do not have a long term durability and with the passage of time the bond strength decreases leading to the failure of the prostheses due to the harsh oral environment. Therefore, there is a need for such an adhesive/bonding agent which not only has good bond strength but also is hydrolytically stable for a long time and being a long term solution for the patient. Aims and Objectives The aims of these studies will be to enhance the bonding/adhesion between zirconia-resin composite and Titanium – resin composite hydrolytically stable bonding systems: Studying the adhesive properties of a novel silane systems between Ti alloys – resin composites. Studying the adhesive properties of a novel silane systems between Zr alloys – resin composites. References Matinlinna JP, Choi AH, Tsoi JK-H. Bonding promotion of resin composite to silica-coated zirconia implant surface using a novel silane system. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 24, 2013, 290-296. Matinlinna JP and Lassila LV. Enhanced resin-composite bonding to zirconia framework after pretreatment with selected silane monomers. Dental Materials 27 (2011) 273-280. Matinlinna JP and Mittal KL. Adhesion aspects in dentistry, VSP/Brill, Leiden; 2009. Kaminski HD and Easton AD. Dental Materials Research, Nova Science, New York; 2009; 1-21. Matinlinna JP, Tsoi JK-H, de Vries J. Busscher HJ. Characterization of novel silane coating on titanium implant surfaces. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 24, 2013, 688-697. Lin J, Shinya A, Gomi H, Matinlinna JP, Shinya A. In vitro evaluation of bonding durability of self-adhesive resin cement to titanium using highly accelerated life test. Dental materials journal 2011, 30 (6): 837-844. Lung CYK and Matinlinna JP. Silanes for adhesion promotion and surface modification. Silane: Chemistry, application and performance, ISBN 978-1-62257-432-2; chapter 3; pages 87-109. Almilhatti HJ, Neppelenbroek KH, Vergani CE, Machado AL, Pavarina AC, Giampolo AC. Adhesive bonding of resin composite to various titanium surfaces using different metal conditioners and surface modification systems. J Appl Oral Sci. 2013;21 (6): 590-596.

Stephen in A Portrait of the Artist by James Joyce Essay -- James Joyc

Stephen in A Portrait of the Artist by James Joyce Stephen Dedalus, the main character in most of James Joyce's writings, is said to be a reflection of Joyce himself. In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the reader follows Stephen as he develops from a young child into a young artist, overcoming many conflicts both internally and externally, and narrowly escaping a life long commitment to the clergy. Through Joyce's use of free indirect style, all of Stephen's speech, actions, and thoughts are filtered through the narrator of the story. However, since Joyce so strongly identifies with Stephen, his character's style and personality greatly influence the narrator. This use of free indirect style and stylistic contagion makes Joyce's use of descriptive language one of his most valuable tools in accurately depicting Stephen Dedalus's developing ideals of feminine beauty. As a very young child Stephen is taught to idealize the Virgin Mary for her purity and holiness. She is described to Stephen as "a tower of Ivory" and a "House of Gold" (p.35). Stephen takes this literally and becomes confused as to how these beautiful elements of ivory and gold could make up a human being. This confusion is important in that it shows Stephen's inability to grasp abstraction. He is a young child who does not yet understand how someone can say one thing and mean something else. This also explains his trouble in the future with solving the riddles and puzzles presented to him by his classmates at Clongowes. Stephen is very thoughtful and observant and looks for his own way to explain or rationalize the things that he does not understand. In this manner he can find those traits that he associates with the Blessed Mary in his pro... ...human desires and realizes how beautiful love, passion, and devotion can be from an artist's perspective. Stephan Dedalus's transformation into a "priest of the arts" is parallel to the early life of James Joyce. Both struggle to deal with the conflicts of childhood and adolescence to find a balance in which they can happily live. Since A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is written in third person, yet employs the characteristics of the protagonist, Stephen Dedalus, the use of descriptive language is essential to the reader's understanding of the novel as a whole. James Joyce excellently uses his talent to successfully communicate Stephen's feelings so that we, the reader, can understand the development of his attitudes and ideals about feminine beauty. Works Cited Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: Penguin Group, 1977.

Maureen Frye at Quaker Steel and Alloy Corporation Essay

Frye made several mistakes with respect to her initial attempt to implement change, however there are wider company issues beyond Frye’s immediate control that also contributed to the failure of her initiative. Having seen her original memo attract criticism for its arbitrary nature, Frye failed to fully comprehend the reasons for the initial rejection of her proposal, when she proceeded with her January 1995 meeting with the DSMs. This is due to the fact that Frye did not properly understand the way in which the sales department worked. On page 7 it is mentioned that â€Å"Frye had not been able to spend as much time in the field as she had hoped†, while on page 9 Frye says â€Å"we gave them a rough outline of what we wanted done, and we expected the DSMs to follow through as they saw fit†. As a result of this, we speculate that she was unaware of the large degree of autonomy afforded to individual salespeople by the regional DSMs. In a scenario where there is ordinarily a large degree of autonomy, a â€Å"rough outline† presented to people who then have to pass on the concept to their respective subordinates is totally inadequate. Frye showed a complete lack of empathy with the changes involved for the sales force. She has not solicited widespread feedback on her proposals and from her position behind a computer analyzing cold hard numbers, she has entirely underestimated the change involved to the nature of the sales force’s work. Additionally she has made no effort to understand their motivations and frustrations. Frye does not appear to have engaged the General Sales Managers at all. By sidelining them in this way she removes their motivation to ensure correct implementation. She thus effectively discards what could be very effective resources that exert direct line responsibility over the employees who will ultimately need to implement Frye’s proposed changes. Finally, Frye was not properly empowered by her superiors and seems to have made no effort to address this. As evidenced on Page 2 the complicated â€Å"responsibility lines† that cut across departments meant that typically managers who joined Quaker from other companies found Quaker a â€Å"confusing place to work†. These complicated responsibility lines (Exhibit 1 and Exhibit 3) meant that Frye was not given explicit control over the people who would ultimately implement her proposals. â€Å"In the workplace, credibility grows out of two sources: expertise and relationships†[1] Coupled with the fact that Frye did not have established working relationships, this confusing structure meant that in the absence of explicit empowerment, Frye lacked the credibility to effect change. The two overriding themes that we have identified are that: †¢ Frye has demonstrated a clear lack of people skills. She has shown no understanding of the key motivators of the sales force and communication around implementation of her idea has been poor both in terms of content and its direction. †¢ Frye has been unable to exhibit leadership due to both a complicated organizational structure and her personal lack of established credibility due to lack of relationships. What would you do if you were Maureen Frye, at the end of the case? One standalone alternative that Frye could pursue is for Israel to send a direct order to his entire department asking that they comply with Frye’s proposals. This proposal benefits from the fact that Israel has direct line authority over the salespeople and is in a better position to monitor the implementation plan. This alternative however entirely fails to address concerns around soliciting feedback and ignores the â€Å"†¦generally accepted norm of influencing through persuasion and analyses rather than through formal authority†¦Ã¢â‚¬ .[2] Additionally this entirely underestimates the change for the salespeople, which Frye was initially guilty of. What is more, this does not address what appears to be one of the fundamental frustrations that salespeople have when dealing with large accounts, namely that the quality of service from the Technical Service department varies greatly depending on the salesperson involved. Thus, whilst Frye might see a change in behavior she may not necessarily see the desired result of higher sales due to lack of buy-in from the Technical Services Department. Another alternative is to try and implement her proposal while at the same time introducing a change to the compensation policy whereby salespeople would be remunerated based on a fixed salary plus a large variable component determined as a commission on sales revenue. This alternative however requires a radical shift in the corporate culture and its likely outcome of success is severely reduced by the fact that when talking about motivation of salespeople in the Chicago and New York offices, â€Å"All rated monetary rewards and incentives lowest on the scale†[3]. This solution also fails to address the problem of making sure that both the Sales and Technical Services departments are pulling in the same direction. Our favored alternative composes several elements: †¢ Frye needs to get the VP for Technical Services on board. This is probably most easily achieved by a meeting involving Salk, Bethancourt and Israel where all spell out their clear support for the project. †¢ Frye needs to obtain comprehensive feedback on her proposals from the sales force. She should do this by immediately visiting all regional offices and conducting interviews with the General Sales managers, all the DSMs and as many salespeople as possible. o The meetings between Frye and the salespeople should not be of a formal kind, but rather informal and friendly in order to properly develop a collaborative relationship. o If we assume that meeting each and every salesperson is impossible, then she needs to select the people she meets with on a strategic basis by choosing those who exert most influence on their colleagues. o She should clearly explain the rationale for her proposals in person and take account of any feedback provided and include in the implementation where possible. Feedback should not merely be point in time but should be ongoing. o According to the case, there is already one senior salesperson that is convinced about the project and has implemented the project to some extent and believes in its future outcomes. Frye needs to make good use of this senior salesperson because as we know, â€Å"credibility, along other lines can be built or bought.†[4] He can serve as a good liaison between her and the other salespeople, showing evidence that the project works and emphasizing to his colleagues the benefits based on his first-hand experience. o Given that monetary rewards are not a high priority Frye must emphasize that whilst they may have an initially fallow period in sales, the subsequent benefits from their time and effort will result in increased sales of a higher magnitude. Additionally she should emphasize that the interim period will also yield scope for significant satisfaction as they collaborate with clients in order to resolve their problems. †¢ In addition to seeking input from the sales force, Frye needs to further establish credibility with the sales force before asking them to implement her proposal. As a result of our first point, we believe she can do this by ensuring better cooperation from the Technical Services Department for all salespeople. In this way she â€Å"helps them see how they can get from here to there, by establishing some credibility and by giving them some reason and help to get there.†[5] †¢ There should be memo sent by the VPs for Technical Support Service, and Sales to their subordinates which: o Details Frye’s proposals and explicitly mentioning that she should be afforded all possible help in implementing her proposals. o Emphasizes that the company practices â€Å"a strong philosophy of providing customers with the best technical service and assistance available†[6] o Insists on each DSM providing a weekly progress report in order to ensure greater accountability. o Gives thanks to staff for their excellent performance thus far. By going through the points above we believe that Frye addresses the issues that we identified when answering the first question, namely: a lack of empowerment, a lack of understanding of the sales department, a lack of empathy and a failure to engage the General Sales Managers. The process however does not stop there. Close monitoring of the implementation is fundamental so that any deviation is identified and corrected appropriately in a timely fashion. Frye should ensure that she uses the need for monitoring as a way to gather continued feedback and comments and thus evaluate the change in sales behavior and its effect not only on sales but also on employee satisfaction. She needs to establish an ongoing and collaborative relationship and make sure that the sales force see her as an approachable colleague working towards the same company goals rather than as a demanding taskmaster. Frye needs to ensure that she has a contingency plan in place. We suggest that should there be complaints from the Sales Department in relation to Technical Services Department cooperation, Frye should escalate immediately to the VP in charge as well as Israel and Bethancourt. Assuming she continues to encounter resistance on the Sales side, this should be escalated to Israel for immediate action. Should the trial of Frye’s proposals be successful i.e. increase overall sales through a greater focus on large accounts, we believe that when rolled out to other products that a more formal relationship should be established between the Technical Services Department and the Sales Department. As part of this process we advocate a process of 360degree evaluation feedback where employees are ranked versus their peers. For Frye’s personal learning she must realize that â€Å"†¦feedback is not an interpersonal process where others tell one how they react to his/her behavior. It is rather a self initiated process where one examines the effects of one’s behavior on others† therefore once the implementation plan has been drawn up and executed, it would be valuable for Frye to request 360 degree feedback from all stakeholders engaged in the reallocation process and initiate a thorough self-assessment to address her areas of weakness.

Langston Hughes Essays (274 words) - Jazz Poetry, Harlem Renaissance

Langston Hughes Essays (274 words) - Jazz Poetry, Harlem Renaissance ENC1102 July 9, 2015 Langston Hughes Langston Hughes was born during a time where African Americans had no rights of freedom of speech or even a right to vote. Langston Hughes experienced poverty. Hughes used his poetry to speak to the people. His poems were basically written to the African Americans who struggled, and had dreams of being considered equal as whites. And not based on their skin color. Hughes mother and father soon divorced when he was just one year old. Hughes was sent to live with his grandmother as his mother went city-to-city trying to find a job that would accept her even though she was black. And his father moved to Mexico for the same reason. Langston Hughes never really had support from his father because his son wanted to write about the blacks experience during the time of his life where they were considered slaves. From Hughes biography I can understand why he wrote the poem I. Too he was trying to show a perspective of an African American man, either a slave or a servant. Hughes describes in the poem an experience for many African American during this time. Hughes uses the phrase I am the darker brother in line 2 to call our attention to the common practice of racial segregation during the early 20th century, when blacks were forced to eat, sleep, live and travel separately from the whites. Hughes then claims that Tomorrow he will join the whites at the table and no one will dare to send him back to the kitchen. Hughes is trying to claim freedom as African American citizens.

Character Analysis of Hermia and Her Father

Character Analysis of Hermia and Her Father To deepen your understanding of William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream, here is a character analysis of Hermia and her father. Hermia, Believer in True Love Hermia is a feisty young lady who knows what she wants and does whatever she can to get it. She is even prepared to give up her family and way of life to marry Lysander, agreeing to elope with him into the forest. However, she is still a lady and ensures that nothing untoward goes on between them. She keeps her integrity by asking him to sleep away from her: â€Å"But gentle friend, for love and courtesy/Lie further off in humane modesty† (Act 2, Scene 2). Hermia assures her best friend, Helena, that she is not interested in Demetrius, but Helena is insecure about her looks in comparison with her friend and this somewhat affects their friendship: â€Å"Through Athens, I am thought as fair as she./But what of that? Demetrius thinks not so?† (Act 1, Scene 1) Hermia wishes the best for her friend and wants Demetrius to love Helena: â€Å"As you on him, Demetrius dote on you† (Act 1, Scene 1). However, when the fairies have intervened and both Demetrius and Lysander are in love with Helena, Hermia gets very upset and angry with her friend: â€Å"O me, you juggler, you canker blossom/You thief of love- what have you come by night/And stol’n my loves heart from him† (Act 3, Scene 2). Hermia is again compelled to fight for her love and is willing to fight her friend: â€Å"Let me come to her† (Act 3, Scene 2). Helena confirms that Hermia is a feisty character when she observes, â€Å"O, when she is angry she is keen and shrewd!/She was a vixen when she went to school./And though she is little, she is fierce† (Act 3, Scene 2). Hermia continues to defend Lysander even when he has told her that he no longer loves her. She is concerned that he and Demetrius will fight, and she says, â€Å"Heavens shield Lysander if they mean a fray† (Act 3, Scene 3). This demonstrates her unerring love for Lysander, which drives the plot forward. All ends happily for Hermia, but we do see aspects of her character that could be her downfall if the narrative were different. Hermia is determined, feisty, and occasionally aggressive, which reminds us that she is Egeus’ daughter, but we admire her steadfastness and faithfulness to Lysander. Headstrong Egeus Egeus father is domineering and overbearing to Hermia. He acts as a foil to the fair and even-handed Theseus. His proposal to bring the full force of the law on his daughter- the penalty of death for disobeying his orders- demonstrates this. â€Å"I beg the ancient privilege of Athens/As she is mine, I may dispose of her- /Which shall be either to this gentleman/Or to her death- according to our law/Immediately provided in that case† (Act 1, Scene 1). He has decided, for his own reasons, that he wants Hermia to marry Demetrius instead of her true love, Lysander. We are unsure of his motivation, as both men are presented as eligible; neither one has more prospects or money than the other, so we can only assume that Egeus simply wants his daughter to obey him so he can have his own way. Hermias happiness appears to be of little consequence to him. Theseus, Duke of Athens, placates Egeus and gives Hermia time to decide. Thus, the problem is resolved as the story unfolds, though this is no real comfort to Egeus. In the end, Hermia gets her way and Egeus has to go along with it; Theseus and the others happily accept the resolution, and Demetrius is no longer interested in his daughter. However, Egeus remains a difficult character, and  the story  ends happily only due to intervention by the fairies. Had they not been involved, its possible that Egeus would have gone ahead and executed his own daughter had she disobeyed him. Fortunately, the story is a comedy, not a tragedy.

Christian and Islamic art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Christian and Islamic art - Essay Example Though the traditions that make up the techniques and philosophy of Islamic artworks are derived from Islamic ideas, works categorised as Islamic art are not necessarily religious in their use or significance; it is often the case that the themes of these works are entirely secular in nature. CHRISTIAN ART is art that spans many segments of Christianity. For each religious sect, art mediums, style, and representations change; however, the unifying theme is ultimately the representation of the life and times of Jesus Christ and in some cases the Old Testament. Much of the art surviving from Europe after the fall of the Roman empire is Christian art. The religious hierarchy of the Catholic Church funded and supported production of sacred art. As a stable Western European society emerged during the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church led the way in terms of art, using its resources to commission paintings and sculptures. Christian art is found in architecture, principally in the form of churches, cathedrals, monasteries, tombs and manuscripts. Over the centuries, Christian art has had three primary purposes: Depicting the actual events of the Bible, depicting the events of the Christian life or communicating the message of Scripture in a visual form. Today’s Christian art is denoted by a combination of Biblical events and Scriptural truth. Traditional Christian art mediums include architecture, iconography, sculpture, wood carving, manuscript miniature, stained glass and oil on canvas. the Quran, or the Muslim holy book, which is written in Arabic. Another important characteristic is the covering of surfaces with patterns composed of geometric or vegetal elements. Figural imagery is also used widely in manuscript illustrations, though not in a religious context. Robert Irwin says optics, perspective, colour and geometry shed light on Islamic art, so also did astronomy and astrology. In most manuscript

In patients with central venous catheter, does the subclavian vein Research Paper

In patients with central venous catheter, does the subclavian vein site is better as comparing with jugular or femoral sites in reducing catheter related blood stream infection - Research Paper Example Hand sanitation, as per research and studies, confirms a decrease of pathogenic agents that propagates nosocomial infections and complications in patients who are confined in hospitals (Elridge et al 2006). The fundamental conclusion that arises from relevant hospital acquired infection researches as issued by the CDC were: â€Å"1) the hands of health care workers are regularly contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms; and â€Å"2) the hands of health care workers are a major route of transmission of pathogens throughout the hospital environment and from the body of one patient to another (Elridge et al 2006).† Thus, it is recommended by the 2002 CDC Guideline that alcohol-based hand rubs or ABHRs are more effective to use in dispensing pathogenic microbes; and are quicker to use than the traditional soap and water without the usual side effect of having dermatitis (Elridge et al 2006). The understanding of the health care staff workers especially in critical units of the hospital like the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), with regards to the essence of hand hygiene practice is significant as this is the best or one of the best ways to manage and avert contaminations which are normally present and related to health care (Cohen et al 2003). It must be clearly understood that newborns within the said unit can contract high degree of infections due to their very delicate immune system, which are not yet highly developed (Cohen et al 2003). The common transmission for the infection occurs after hand contact is established with â€Å"environmental surfaces and patient equipment† or the removal of gloves that generally happens prior to the performance of invasive procedures (Cohen et al 2003). In relation to the above circumstance, a guideline has been given out by the CDC on how proper hand washing should be done prior to any hands-on contact with patients that are critically ill or otherwise. But while the CDC Hand Hygiene Guideline has

Marketing across culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing across culture - Essay Example Therefore, marketers need to have different marketing strategies for each and every market where it is being sold and marketed. This is the reason why Denon sells its surround sound receivers with different model numbers, features (silver, black, gold tone) as well as warranties in order to cater to the unique needs of these markets. In order to combat the problem of different needs of the markets, a lot of marketers make a specific marketing plan for a particular product and then they adjust this plan depending on the market where it is being sold in order to fulfill the needs of the customers of this market. For example, many organizations sell their products in hundreds of markets all over the world. It is impossible to make specific marketing plans and strategies for each and every market. Therefore, these marketers make a common international marketing plan and then, they make adjustments to these plans and strategies according to the specific and unique needs of the market. 2. What are the problems you are likely to encounter with the distribution of your products in: China, Japan, and India? Which country poses the biggest problem? Explain your answer. With rapid globalization, companies are now selling their products in different countries worldwide. All of these countries have different markets with unique needs and characteristics. ... Due to the communication, transport as well as regional difficulties, companies need to hire, train as well as constantly keep in contact with these agents (Selling and Distributing in China without a Legal Presence, n.p.). As far as Japan is concerned, one of the major problems is the difficulty of penetrating its cultural barriers and complex bureaucratic relationships and structures. The multi-layered distribution network in India is the biggest problems faced by marketers all over the world. It is difficult for marketers to reach a large number of customers and develop a high market share. Therefore, India is said to be the country which poses the most difficult problem for marketers as it is twice as hard to distribute products in India as it is else where. 3. Many products fulfill both a functional need as well as a social need. When deciding how much to adapt an existing product for a new foreign market, which type of need should a marketer focus on? Explain your answer. When entering a new foreign market, marketers should focus more on functional needs rather than on social needs. This is because the main reason for entering a market is to fulfill the functional needs of the customers. Functional needs are those needs which are fulfilled by the various functions of the product. After the fulfillment of the functional needs, the consumer gets socially attached with the product or service and that is when the marketer should start emphasizing on social needs. Therefore, during the initial stage the marketer should place more emphasis and focus on the functional needs. After that product’s functional needs turn into social needs, the marketer should switch his focus on it. Marketers need to determine the stage of the product lifecycle and

The Knight And His Internal Conflict Essay Example for Free

The Knight And His Internal Conflict Essay The introduction of the Knight in Chaucer’s â€Å"General Prologue† of The Canterbury Tales, albeit brief, presents an interesting, enigmatic portrait of a character whose external appearance seems to provide a cover for what might be a conflicted spirit underneath. In a way, the Knight embodies the concept, to borrow from the film Billy Jack, is a â€Å"war hero who hated the war† and whose personal discipline is what keeps chinks in the armor of his psyche from degenerating. From the outset, the Knight is presented to the reader as a noble hero whose personal sense of honor is what separates him from the other pilgrims. Examine how Chaucer describes the character in the initial lines that introduce the Knight: A knight there was, and he a worthy man, Who, from the moment that he first began, To ride about the world, loved chivalry, Truth, honour, freedom and all courtesy, Full worthy was he in his liege-lords war, And therein had he ridden (none more far) The portrait that Chaucer paints here is that, in his heart, the Knight is a good person with a high sense of personal discipline and moral values. Through his entry into military service, the Knight undertakes the responsibility to fight in his â€Å"liege-lord’s war† which is essentially the conduit for the Knight’s personal, internal values of nobility to be put into action through his service in his Lord’s â€Å"noble† wars. The Knight’s forays into various wars were significant in terms of volumes and intensity. From the description that Chaucer provides, we learn that the Knight essentially found himself in the middle of a perpetual state of war as he was sent to foreign land after foreign land to conquer and pillage in the name of his Lord. In terms of his prolific involvement in numerous battles, Chaucer writes: When they were won; and on the Middle Sea At many a noble meeting chanced to be. Of mortal battles he had fought fifteen, And hed fought for our faith at Tramissene, Three times in lists, and each time slain his foe From here, the narrator is clearly defining the character to the reader as a man whose moral character far exceeds that of normal men as the Knight is presented in a highly idealized manner. This description shows the Knight as a man of action serving his Lord and, more importantly, the Knight is presented as a war hero who successfully battled infidels in a series of 15 military actions without losing his sanity. Chaucer points out that the Knight not only survived the 15 military incursions in which he was involved, but he rose to the occasion and performed with a sense of valor and honor in such a world of bloodlust. This concept of remaining noble in war shows that despite the horror and bloodlust of the wars around him, the Knight did not â€Å"crack† and loose his composure. Keep in mind, during the Crusades, the ability for the soldiers to receive food and supplies was compromised as the opposing Islamic factions repeatedly would severe supply lines in an attempt to starve the Crusaders. The result of this is that the Crusaders would routinely go berserk and raid and pillage villages for food. The fact that Chaucer presents the Knight as noble and not a victim of combat stress shows that the Knight’s moral character remained strong enough to maintain his sanity in a war zone, mainly because the Knight detached himself from the carnage of the war and reached inside to he personal code of chivalry to maintain his composure. This detachment, however, would not maintain when the Knight left the battlefield, as he The seems to struggle with the internal manifestation of unresolved feelings and guilt about the war. Per Chaucer’s description: Though so illustrious, he was very wise, And bore himself as meekly as a maid. He never yet had any vileness said, In all his life, to whatsoever wight. He was a truly perfect, gentle knight. But now, to tell you all of his array, His steeds were good, but yet he was not gay. Of simple fustian wore he a jupon, Sadly discoloured by his habergeon; Here, the narrator shows the â€Å"chinks in the armor† of the Knight’s psyche. This passage clearly demonstrates that the Knight’s disposition displays a sense of sadness and alienation. Since the Knight has been starkly drawn as a character who is inseparable with the wars he fought, then the root of the sadness must have been from his experience in the war. In terms of the Knight’s outward personality, the experiences he faced in the war greatly humbled him as the time spent in the wars has clearly disillusioned him. (â€Å"His steeds were good, yet he was not gay.†) Perhaps the reason that the Knight goes on the pilgrimage is so he can find in himself that part of his spirit and his soul that he left on the battlefield. Yes, the Knight embodies all that was noble, but at what cost? So the Knight can live a life that is consumed by the guilt he feels about his experiences on the battlefield?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Knight remains one of the most intriguing characters in all of Canterbury Tales, the reason for this is the fact that the Knight is a noble, but internally conflicted character whose motives for the pilgrimage appear to be driven by disillusionment and guilt.

The Concept Of Inclusive Education Education Essay

The Concept Of Inclusive Education Education Essay The commitment of IE was made by the governmental and institutional agreement of Salamanca in 1994. After a few years, EFA and the Millennium Development Goal of universal primary education were also adopted as the global education agenda to be achieved by 2015. After fifteen years getting the agreement of Salamanca, the UNCRPD recognizes a right to education for people with disabilities. So the global commitment of IE has strengthened between Salamanca and the CRPD. By the Article 24 of the UN CRPD stated that all state parties shall enable persons with disabilities to learn life and social development skills to facilitate their full and equal participation in education and as members of the community. To this end, States Parties shall take appropriate measures, including: Facilitating the learning of Braille, alternative script, augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication and orientation and mobility skills, and facilitating peer support and mentoring; Facilitating the learning of sign language and the promotion of the linguistic identity of the deaf community; Ensuring that the education of persons, and in particular children, who are blind, deaf or deaf-blind, is delivered in the most appropriate languages and modes and means of communication for the individual, and in environments which maximize academic and social development. In order to help ensure the realization of this right, States Parties shall take appropriate measures to employ teachers, including teachers with disabilities, who are qualified in sign language and/or Braille, and to train professionals and staff who work at all levels of education. Such training shall incorporate disability awareness and the use of appropriate augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication, educational techniques and materials to support PWDs. Also the right to an education without discrimination is stated in the UDHR (1948) and CRC (1989).   The Convention on the Rights of the Child specifically declares the rights of CWDs to enjoy a full and decent life in conditions that promote self-reliance, and facilitate the childs active participation in the community. Moreover, Rule 6 of the UNs Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for PWDs (UN, 1993) provides for equal rights for children and adults with disabilities and for the provision of an integrated school setting.  Ã‚   Myanmar is undertaking the ASEAN Decade for PWDs, Bali Declaration on the Enhancement of the Role and Participation of the PWDs in ASEAN Community, BIWAKO Millennium Framework, and BIWAKO plus Five in close collaboration with regional countries. Policy development on Education for people with disabilities in Myanmar Myanmar Child law for especially for education Myanmar Child Law was enacted in July 1993 in order to implement the rights of the child recognized in the CRC. The Article 20 of that Child Law stated that (a) every child shall have the opportunities of acquiring education and the right to acquire free basic education (primary level) at state schools. Also the Ministry of Education shall have an objective of implementing the system of free and compulsory primary education; lay down and carry out measures as may be necessary for regular attendance at schools and the reduction of untimely drop-out rates and make arrangements for literacy of children who are unable for various reasons to attend schools opened by the States to become literate. Article 22 stipulates that every child shall have the right of access to literature contributes to his or her all-round development and to acquire knowledge. According to Article 18, a mentally or physically disabled child (i) has the right to acquire basic education (primary level) or vocational education at the special schools established by the DSW or by a voluntary social worker or by a non-governmental organization and (ii) has the right to obtain special care and assistance from the State. Myanmar basic education law The basic education law was promulgated in 1973 and amended in 1989. The aim of the governments education policy is to create an education system that can generate a learning society capable of facing the challenges of the knowledge age (MOE, 2007). According to the Basic Education Law (1973), the main objective of basic education especially for children with disabilities is to enable every citizen of the Union of Myanmar to become a physical or mental worker well equipped with a basic education, good health and moral character. The National Constitution of 1974 specified that every citizen shall have the right to education and shall be given basic education which the state prescribes by law as compulsory. By the principle of compulsory education, the only five years, from grade 1 to 5, covers free education for all children. Primary education is organized with two levels; kindergarten level from grade 1 to 3, and upper primarily for grades 4 and 5. Also, the new Constitution of 2008 fulfilled with the educational policy for every citizen; (a) has the right to education; (b) shall be given basic education which the Union prescribes by law as compulsory; and (c) have the right to conduct scientific research explore science, work with creativity and write to develop the arts and conduct research freely other branches of culture. According to the education policy of 1989, MOE is organized with nine main departments such as Basic Education I, II, and III; Educational Planning and Training; Higher Education (Lower and Upper Myanmar); Myanmar Board of Examinations; Myanmar Education Research Bureau (MERB); and Myanmar Language Commission. The departments Basic Education I, II, and III are implementing the basic education policy. Special education is under the authority of DSW. In the decision making process at all levels of MOE, the decision making committee is set up by the Minister, two Deputy Ministers, Director General and Chairperson of the departments. The decisions of this committee are implemented by those responsible departments of all levels. Based on the Dakar EFA Framework for Global Action and the Millennium Development Goals, Myanmar has formulated national EFA Goals as Myanmars needs and context through a participatory process involving the UN organizations, various Ministries and I/LNGOs. The four concerned areas for achieving the goal of EFA in Myanmar are access to and quality of basic education, early childhood development, non-formal education, and education management and information system. To implement the goal of EFA, MOE uses six main strategies especially for developing and expanding Child Friendly Schools and making more accessible in basic education for all children with disabilities. Through the EFA National Action Plan (EFA-NAP), therefore, the Ministry of Education has established an inclusive education framework in accordance with international standards and goals that addresses EFA goals directly. The latest curriculum for primary was revised since 1998 for having a more balanced rather than emphasizing only academic subjects. The school principals and teachers are the main task of monitoring and evaluating on the impact of curriculum for childrens development. Life skills was made mandatory for inclusion at the primary level as a separate core curriculum in 1998 and at secondary level as a separate co-curriculum in 2001. Contents, teaching-learning methods and hours have been carefully specified for primary and secondary school curricula. Inclusive education policy In the past decade, there has been significant traditional progress to ensure CWDs who have access in mainstream schools. However, with culture and knowledge barriers from some school principals and teachers, the journey towards fully inclusive education has only just begun. A clear understanding of the meaning of IE in the Myanmar context, it has a clear definition in all policy statements along with references to international normative instruments.   In addition, the current implementation processes of IE are following the guidelines of the EFA framework.   IE policy acts on both the national and local level.   At the national level, the government is implementing with a new policy of inclusive education, while at the local level schools and the community are participating in the process of capacity building, and resource mobilization for those children with disabilities.  The national policy on IE is grounded in international legislation and policy.   Implementation of IE policy in Myanmar This research focuses on the primary and lower secondary level students with disabilities for the purpose to address the educational needs of CWDs in Myanmar. The political and social context is discussed in terms of international policy on reforms and initiatives, especially the Salamanca Statement that agreed to ensure a basic education for all children, including CWDs. The Salamanca Framework for Action (1994) was a significant milestone in the education for CWDs: The Statement defines and recommends the mode of service delivery of timing and intervention that linked to inclusive practices. National-level policy and laws as they relate to CWDs are briefly described in service delivery, and increase awareness about the educational opportunities for them. Myanmar is now implementing 6 sectors for PWDs across the nation such as Enhancing Education Standard, Improving Vocational Trainings and Job Opportunities, Promoting Health Care Service, Enhancing Reintegration into the Society, Upgrading Capacity Building and Morale, and Providing Social Needs. Moreover, the government tries to make the concerted efforts harmoniously for the quality of life of PWDs at pleasant. According to the guidance of the EFA-NAP, the following activities are being implemented: Providing primary school textbooks worth over 1835.51 million kyats in free of charges for over 5 million primary students to initiate free, compulsory primary education; Preparing the programs for scholarships and stipends which will be implemented starting from 2012-13AY in basic and higher education sectors; and Enacting the private school registration law and developing rules and regulations in coordination with concerned departments to contribute the education services by the private sector. For improving the quality of school education, monitoring and supervision mechanism has been strengthened since 2006-07 AY by focusing on the teaching and learning process. Basic education schools were classified by 5 levels (A, B, C, D, E) based on applying the following monitoring and supervision criteria- (a) Accomplishment of the school principal; (b) Level of school attendance; (c) Implementation of monthly lesson plans; (d) Students achievements; (e) Use of teaching aids, facilities laboratories; (f) Cultivating morale and ethics; (g) Capacity of teaching staff; (h) Adequate classrooms and furniture; (i) School sanitation and tidiness; (j) Adequate teaching aids and multimedia facilities; (k) Greening of a school campus; and (l) Good physical setting of schools. Myanmar has been making progress in the education sector to fulfill MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education with the target of ensuring that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling: however the dropout rate still high in secondary school level. A total of 92 governments including Myanmar and 25 international organizations reaffirmed commitment to the goals of Education for All (EFA), recognizing the necessity and urgency of providing an education for children and youth with special needs within the regular education system. By the official data on net enrollment in primary schools was 84.6% in 2010 (MOE, 2010, EFA in Myanmar) and the gender discrimination has mostly been removed from basic education enrollment. However, the net enrollment rates in secondary and tertiary education are very low. The quality of education at all levels remains a serious concern. At the present, MOE is making special arrangements for the disabled and other excluded children to attend formal schools and to continue their education receiving special care and attention. In Myanmar, IE programs were formulated to accommodate for all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other conditions. These programs include all vulnerable children such as CWDs; children form mobile families, orphans, street children, and other disadvantaged children. No.25 Basic Education Primary School (Yangon) is the best witness of MOE in implementing IE. A new multi-pronged strategy for the capacity building in Teacher Education can promote the progressive adoption of effective teaching and learning methodologies for all CWDs at all levels. MOE and other partners strengthen educational management for the Basic Education Sector Plan that supports the Governments education service delivery to meet commodities needs at the school level. IE is a programme that creates opportunities for CWDs to pursue education together with non-disabled children in mainstreaming schools. It can bring about the educational opportunities for them. Nowadays, CWDs who have completed their primary education through special schools are now able to continue their education in mainstreaming schools by keeping abreast with other non-disabled children. IE According to the statistics data from MOE in 2011 showed that, there were 801 disable children in mainstreaming schools, 1450 children in special schools for the blind and the deaf, 30 disable students in universities and colleges and 6 disable students in master degree courses in 2010-11 AY. The government policy was developed and practiced with policy reform to fill the gap in legal and policy development. As par hearing from the media, the advocacy for helping disabled issue more and more in Myanmar. The government policy and legal change occur on resetting criteria for definition of PWDs. Out of nine criteria (international norms), some implementation processes of IE use four criteria to define the PWDs. To be more specific about educational opportunities for CWDs, the government agrees to provide all children (including all regardless of physical condition) equal opportunity to learn basic education. In the actual situation, there has a gap between policy and practice. The concept of IE means welcoming all children, without discrimination, in formal schools. Indeed, it is a focus on creating environments responsive to the differing developmental capacities, needs, and potentials of all children. Inclusion means a shift in services from simply trying to fit the child into normal settings; it is a supplemental support for their disabilities on special needs and promoting the childs overall development in an optimal setting. It calls for respect of difference and diversity of individual characteristics and needs. This has to include a consideration of overall organization, curriculum and classroom practice, support for learning and staff development. The governments and stakeholders  perceptions on inclusive education IE is under the umbrella of EFA. Myanmar has an IE policy, which most of CWDs have an opportunity to join mainstream schools but obviously limited to those with mild disability because of the lack of capacity, skills and knowledge as well as infrastructure for the teachers and schools. The government ratified EFA goal at UN organization. It is over ambitious and hardly meet its goal due to poverty that causing low income for all poor families. It is more positive as regard to authority inclusive education in the future since the new government has practiced its openness policy and more transparent with people. IE policy in Myanmar strongly based up on last three years experiences not only for officers and teachers from MOE in Yangon Division but also other divisions and other stakeholders such as DSW, other I/LNGOs those who work in inclusive livelihood programs so that they can include disabled people in their development activities. Understanding the concept and philosophy of IE is a vital need for the sustainability and success of the project. After implementing the awareness raising activities on this issue especially for CWDs and their parents, the effectiveness of understanding disability and inclusive education concept correctly and it is very encouraging. It is one of essential program in the country and will need to promote amongst other disability related organizations. IE policy for PWDs has been implemented by its own strategies. It was not seen as an active engagement in formal basic education. The goal is set based on its definition for PWDs. This means that IE policy, itself, needs to be redefined to reach its goal. So far, the current policy and goal work hand in hand. The effectiveness and quality of outcome is not up to the mark due to the governments poor budget allocation in the Education Sector. The effectiveness of IE at this stage seems not only at the government schools, also next to the special schools such as blind school or deaf schools to take students from special schools to arrange exams etc. So there needs to have a wider understanding of IE, whereby every school needs to prepare to accept CWDs to provide the same opportunities like other children. And also need a dedicated education department on this. The strategies of inclusive development and mainstreaming everything for PWDs will be very costly and never finish. There has no objection but they need a lot of support. The only problem is prioritization. The departmental structure for the dedicated handle affairs for CWDs needs either at mainstream schools or at special schools and needs to incorporate training components for teachers. This has not been done yet a lot. Participation by PWDs in the policy formulation and implementation processes, there needs to go a long way for the current Myanmar condition. The governments perspective IE for PWDs; Myanmar has signed ratified the UNCRPD on 7th December 2011 IE has been already in the discussion pilot phase in collaboration with concern I/LNGOs Inclusion is a new concept for Myanmar, where only 12% of I/LNGO are inclusive of PWDs, where inclusive is commonly mistaken with Automatic Beneficiary and part of beneficiaries rather than inclusion as a process. For ensuring that significant progress is achieved so that all school-age children have access to and complete free and compulsory basic education of good quality, the completion of basic education by all CWDs is the basis form of achieving Universal Basic Education. Nonetheless, the provision of schooling and policies determining how education opportunities are distributed across priority target groups in Myanmar clearly will have far reaching effects on opportunities for productive work. The status and education level of women and girls can exert particularly strong inter-generational effects, and are thus crucial for reducing poverty. Following concerted efforts by the Government, I/LNGOs and communities, the primary school intake rate has increased sharply during the EFA period, although the dropout rate after finishing the primary level remains high. Quality assurance in basic education is especially important, because low quality can lead to low access if CWDs and their familie s do not see the impact of enrollment in low-quality schools. Most of the I/LNGOs do not take part in the position of formulation and implementation process on basic education for CWDs, where mainly focus on the Rights of PWDs and promote equal rights and inclusion through involvement of Law Drafting and Social Policy development. As I/LNGOs, they can only include all children out of school in the process of giving second chance of learning basic education. In dealing with government line department, they have not yet involved in the formulation process. Implementing processes of IE by I/LNGOs TLMI is involving a little part in this area of IE implementation processes. They only conduct trainings for teachers on disability issues, the importance of CWDs to get the opportunity to attend schools like any other children and providing some barrier free arrangement in selected schools. TLMI is working with the parents of CWDs to convince to send the formal school and on the other hand they also try to engage with school principals to accept and pay attention for those children. Also they proposed the education need of PWDs in the Draft disabled law, advocate the decision makers and teacher, and we are working together with U Tin Nyo, retired DG from MOE who is very interested in IE for CWDs. Eden initiated the project of IE implementing in formal schools and the plan for barrier free renovation such as walkways, seat toilet and one handrail that fixed in the toilet. In that project, 80 IE students were gathered at Eden Centre for CWDs. Also Eden celebrated the township level awareness meeting for introducing to the teachers for successfully implemented IE policy. It means that the principals and teachers from 21 schools are introducing IE awareness about IE at their schools. Therefore, IE process can only succeed through strong collaboration and cooperation amongst all shareholders especially from the government site and the donor site as well. Eden is cooperating with DSW and MOE. According to their advice, they held workshops and trainings for awareness raising workshop with DSW and MOE and shared awareness about IE and disability issue to other I/LNGOs staff, local authorities, other stakeholders and teachers from mainstream schools. EDEN organizes a series of mobile training courses throughout Myanmar aimed at helping improve the lives of disabled people which focus on activities such as CBR, IE and disability development. Through the help of DSW and Department of Basic Education No.(1), (2) and (3), awareness training not only about IE but also the Social Model of Disability was conducted in mainstream schools. PWDs in Yangon have more chances to access this information with help from NGOs and DSW, but those living in rural areas having difficulties due to inconvenient transportation and lack of mobility, U Hta Oke said. Im pleased about the growing number of people working in the field, but most of them are using a charity approach, which involves giving food, money, tools and other necessities, he said. Not many are using a life-based approach, which means providing training so they can stand on their own feet. Moreover, for the educational status of children with hearing/ seeing/ intellectual disabilities in Myanmar is inadequate and behind-the-times. There is only the DSW has one project on sign language especially for people with hearing disability. There is no standard educational practice. Teachers learn by copying the methods of older teachers. The Mary Chapman School in Yangon uses the philosophy Total Communication that is method has been a widely adopted language policy in deaf education from the 1970s. But this philosophy is out-dated. Graduation rates are very low. In Yangon Division, only 14 students with hearing disability have passed high school and only six have graduated from university until 2011-2012 academic years. According to the UN CRPD agreement emphasizes bi-lingual/bi-cultural education for people with hearing disability. Also, Braille e-mail and Internet have been developed and utilized in the training school for persons with visual impairments since 2006. In general, the technical for education and training initiatives are not new to Myanmar. As a result of some recent educational developments and reforms, it is new to some teachers and learners both in curriculum and methods of delivery. One of the most important concerns in the Myanmar educational sector is how CWDs can be provided with opportunities to take responsibility for their learning throughout the concepts of community involvement and technical assistance to achieve a sustainable future. Special schools which are supported IE for CWDs Myanmar has a policy of IE, which means disabled students, including those who are blind, are allowed to attend classes in mainstream schools. Despite the policy, mainstream schools are not properly equipped to cater for students with disabilities which mean that most CWDs are forced to attend special schools. There are challenges to implementing the policy, since schools lack the required resources and facilities. Myanmar Christian Fellowship of the Blind (MCFB) was founded on 4th August, 1975, to upgrade the basic level of education afforded to blind people in order to increase opportunities of leading independent in life styles. That foundation encourages beneficiaries in education specific to their needs including vocational training, as well as a focus on how to cope as a blind parent and job placements. The MCFB accepts children aged five and above and enrolls a similar method to the government mainstreaming schools. At that school, students can learn from grade 1 to 5 and then they can continue their secondary education in formal school. That school charges Kyats 15,000 a year for day students and Kyats 40,000-50,000 for boarding students, which covers accommodation, meals and tuition fees. However, there are over 700 blind and visually impaired students receive a formal or vocational education. The schools should be equipped with teaching materials in Braille, and teachers who know how to teach the blind by using Braille, said Mr. Thein Lwin, the general secretary of MCFB. Also the principal of the Kyeemyintdaing School for the Blind said that the school accepts children from age six to 16, who are taught to the fourth standard. After they finished the primary education, they are sent to a formal school to continue their secondary education. The school and provides has both day students and boarders with free of charges for all fees of food and accommodation. The school can accept 200 students for one academic year. Mary Chapman School for the Deaf accepts children from the ages of five to 18. At that school, children can learn regular curriculum that is taught in formal schools together with speech reading, finger spelling and sign language. Moreover, children at that school over 10-year of aged are taught reading, writing and arithmetic and vocational training such as tailoring, knitting, book binding, bag-making, cooking and massage. The school fee is Kyats 6,000 per month including meals for students. The School for Disabled Children in Mayangone Township in Yangon is operated by the DSW. That school accepts both physically and mentally disabled children between the ages of six to 18 and teaches the standard curriculum up to the fourth standard. It has developed a special curriculum for children with a learning disability that take into account the extent of their disability and their capacity to learn. The current admission fee is Kyats 10,000 for one academic year. Problems of accessibility to education faced by PWDs The government runs the IE as the national level education development plan, however, there is a lack of educational assistive materials such as Braille books, Braille writing frames and syllabuses, qualitative/standard papers for writing in Braille, assistive devices for mathematical teaching or learning, and sign language interpreters. For these reasons and because of the lack of skilled teachers, the IE systems benefits have not been realized. Learning through the restricted environment has also been one the most critical issues of educational opportunities for PWDs that needs to be addressed in order to create equality and equitable education in Myanmar. The current education system does not suit for PWDs in rural area, specifically in promoting the education standard of CWDs. In fact, there are several factors that influence over the education opportunity for CWDs. In addition, the researcher tries to explore what are those factors, challenges, and obstacles in pursuing education in the community. The following data are contributed by the PWDs and community representatives during the field research. Towards the attainment of MDGs, many challenges still remain with regard to special focus which is required on hard-to-reach areas. A need of advocacy with more focus on duty bearer is a strategy to make sure of the long term commitment. The policy needs to be rewritten with a better understanding of authorities, duty bearers and duty holders. Moreover, the accessible services for PWDs in Myanmar is very little, only those who live in cities could access to those services and even then they need to get to such places where by need a lot of barriers to overcome to get there and money factor is another big barrier. In 2008, there are only 100 Physiotherapists appointed in hospitals under ministry of health. According to the First Myanmar National Disability Survey 2010 showed that there were only 50% of PWDs in Myanmar never attended school, out of which 66.5% enrolled in primary schools, 22.2% in secondary schools. Some kind of problems concerned with CWDs. A large percentage of those who do attend mainstream schools soon drop-out because of unfriendly attitudes and environments in educational settings. They often encounter negative treatment from their peers who are not sensitized to disability issues. Most teachers and school principals are not familiar with the idea of including. In Myanmar, one of the Southeast Asia countries, most of the people are still discriminate and exclude the CWDs traditionally. They believe money can make CWDs to be happy. Its not right. In special schools, there have IE projects for all CWDs. It can only the way to make in those childrens lives to be valuable. While the enrollment rate increase almost 100% every year at school opening seasons, there is alarming about 40-50% dropping out before they completed in their primary education so one could imagine for students with disabilities. There is little help for schooling opportunities for students with disabilities with the current situation because of the low awareness about the disability issue, wrong traditional believes and practice, less accessible resources (Brielle, sign language, teaching aids, Buildings, etc.), Low prioritization and no special law and regulation to protect them. Among the four types of disabilities, accessibility for physical disability, blind and deaf disability may be about 3. For people with intellectual disability is 0.05. The vast majority of CWDs never attended school and that a large percentage of the ones who do attend mainstream schools soon drop out due to inaccessible school infrastructure, lack of learning scopes, improper learning process and unfriendly school environment. But amongst the children that are not in any form of educational setups, a large majority shows a keen interest to acquire education. CWDs may have many of the problems that affect children at risk. The difficulties and problems are not because of their impairments but because of several barriers around their environments. During this field research, the researcher notified that there is an absence of reliable and consistent data on the educational status of children according to their disabilities. This makes it difficult for educators, policy-makers and programmers to understand the nature of the problem, and identify possible solutions. Moreover, the current teaching methods are not addressing to the individual needs of students with disabilities by lacking training and experience of teachers in teaching and handling them. Currently, the education o