Why do people drink soft drinks Essay Example

Why do people drink soft drinks? Paper In a review of 146 published reports, it was found that nothing comes close to water as the most preferred drink. It has does not have calories, doesn’t post danger to the health, and only gives so much benefits (Brody, 2007). Therefore it is an enigma why millions of people still consume an artificially sweetened and flavored carbonated drink, commonly called ‘soft drinks’, to quench their thirst while there exists a better option, i. e. water. Michael Jacobsen, the executive director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, aptly called soft drinks as ‘liquid candy’. Soft drinks high fructose corn syrup content makes a solo 12-ounce can of it roughly equivalent to 13 teaspoons of sugar (West, 2007). It now comes into question: how did the public acquire a taste for soft drinks? To answer this question, let us take a journey into the roots of the soft drinks industry and also of soft drink consumption. The Origin of Soda A predecessor of soda was sold in France by a company named Compagnie de Limonadiers, which was formed in Paris in 1676. They called their product ‘soft drinks’ as opposed to the intoxicating hard drinks known to them during those times. However, the said drink is just a noncarbonated version of soda, mixed with water and lemon juice, then sweetened with honey. The company’s vendors used to dispense cups of lemonade from the tanks that they carried on their backs. Even then, when soft drinks were not yet carbonated, it was already a lucrative business. The right to sell this kind of drinks was granted only to the said company, thus giving monopolistic power to it (Soft drink, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Why do people drink soft drinks? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why do people drink soft drinks? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why do people drink soft drinks? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then came the ‘seltzer water’. The term seltzer, referring to â€Å"seltzer water (after the village Nieder Setters near Wiesbaden in West Germany where it occurs naturally)† (Coyle, 1982, p. 132), was most probably where Alka-Seltzer derived its name. To make seltzer water, a tablet that can be purchased from the drugstore is put on tap water to make it bubbly and is taken as a cure for indigestion. Back then, taking baths in natural springs was considered good for the health since mineral water was thought to have the power to cure diseases. Bubbling water was then equated with wellness of health. Thus came the idea that if the bubbling waters in the mineral springs were good to soak in, it will be much better if one can drink it too. Doctor Joseph Priestley Not long after, in their desire to imitate the bubbling water of the mineral springs, it was discovered by scientists that ‘gas carbonium’ or ‘carbon dioxide’ is what makes the mineral water bubble. In 1767, a doctor in England named Joseph Priestley was able to come up with the first ever potable artificial glass of carbonated water. Commercialization of bottled seltzer water was started in 1807 by a chemist professor in Yale University named Benjamin Silliman (Carbonated Beverage, 2004, p. 8495). This sparkling water was presumed to have healing properties such as aiding digestion, and calming the nerves. Soda comes to America It was in the year 1798 when the coinage of the term ‘soda water’ happened. While still in London, John Matthews had learned from inventor Joseph Bramah the basics about making carbonic acid gas and building carbonating machinery. In 1831, John Matthews immigrated to the United States where he invented his apparatus for making carbonated water. He was called the Father of American Soda Water by the soda fountain industry and most historians credit him in bringing soda to America. He then began supplying carbonated water to establishments in the New York area where he immigrated (American Heritage, 1947, p. 11-12). After 1830, sweetened and flavored (lemon-lime, grape, orange) carbonated drinks became popular (Carbonated Beverage, 2004, p. 8495). Among these was carbonated lemonade, also known as ‘ginger ale’, which heralded the advent of the popular carbonated drinks or sodas of today – ‘soft drinks’.

Intellectual performance of mentally children essays

Intellectual performance of mentally children essays Wouldnt it be great if there was a new vitamin that had the potential to raise the intellectual performance of mentally challenged children? A study conducted at Raritan Valleys department of science discovered a vitamin that will increases the intellectual performance of mentally challenged children. After many years of research, this vitamin can improve the mind of a retarded child. With so many children that are born so unfortunate and there was nothing that could be done about it until now. My staff and I have worked on this experiment for a very long time. Our predictions about the vitamin are that it will change the future for the best. The dosage given daily of the vitamins will improve of intellectual performance of each participant in my study. In the following research I needed to conduct servable test on children to find out their intellectual performance. In order to develop such a research, it was necessary to devise a structural approach for gathering and interpreting the information. Children from the school of special education were randomly chosen. Now remember that all of these children are mentally challenged. The children vary from ages of five to nine years old. The children are both males and females. There are ten males and nine females. Factors were taken into account like age, gender, and health that way there couldnt be any differences in either of the two groups. We randomly divide the participants into two groups in order to observe the different reaction. Both groups were giving puzzles to compare their abilities of proceeding data and comprehending. Once establishing that both groups were at the same intellectual performance level we gave one group the vitamin. As for the other group we gave them the same environment and treatment. Exempt they didnt get the vitamin. Data was recorded daily to keep track of both groups. We took pre-plan procedures for dealing with i...

Parental Apathy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Parental Apathy - Case Study Example The principle strongly discourages Mrs. Rose from pursuing increased parent involvement in the school, citing that he is contented with the current state of affairs at the school. After lengthy persuasion, with ambivalent, the principle agreed to have a meeting with the parents under two conditions; that there would be no PTA but allow the parents to form an advisory committee. Even with one week’s notice to the meeting, sent home with the students, only eight parents attended. Due to poor turnout, the principle contemplated on cancelling the meeting. Schools present our children with an opportunity to acquire knowledge and learn new things. Not only are the lessons taught in a school geared towards professional excellence, they also aim at making children good and responsible people in the society. While teachers hold the role and responsibility of instilling knowledge in the children, they also ensure that students become morally upright people. However, teachers at times fa il to observe this essential role of their job. Therefore, there is every need to keep such teachers in check. Although principles have the mandate to do this, sometimes they too could disregard their duties, leaving incompetent teachers work in their institutions. This reality necessitates the inclusion of the parents in their children’s learning activities through involvement parental programs (Gorton, Alston, and Petra 331-332). Parents should thus be part of their children’s learning process. The community should also take part in ensuring that children receive the best education, be it academic or otherwise. Having a sound home-school partnership is the best way of achieving this objective. There is every need therefore for the schools to bring on board parents and the community in the learning process of their children. The school’s management should ensure that there exists a good relationship between the parents and the school. Gradually, parents have be come lesser involved in schools and their children’s learning process, a factor that has reduced cohesion between these two parties. In the past, parents took part in their children’s learning process. They found time to take part in different meetings happening in the learning institutions. Parents can understand this role if communicated by a district leader, rather than a school assistant principle. This is because of the culture of ignorance established by the parenting community. Moreover, people trend to honour authority more than management. This explains the reason why, even with a week’s notice top the meeting given to the parents, only eight of them attended. This describes high ignorance levels among the parents in our society. A district leader should thus intervene in such situations to ensure that parents actively take part in their children’s learning process (Gorton, Alston, and Petra 331-332). A district leader acts as a link between fami lies and the community members and at times between the community and the school. For a long time, the relationship between the community and learning institutions has considerably worsened. Because of this, parents forgot their role of ensuring that their children received the best form of education and training. A child cannot learn in school alone; the community is also part of the areas where a child can acquire education. Since families exist in a community where there is a high

The Simultaneous Repression of CCR and CAD, TWO Enzymes of the Lignin Essay

The Simultaneous Repression of CCR and CAD, TWO Enzymes of the Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway, Results in Sterility and Dwarfism i - Essay Example Later on, understanding pathways may be used in the laboratory synthesis of these compounds. Moreover, the induction, as well as repression, of their production in plants through anthropogenic intervention to promote optimal plant growth and/or fruit bearing may be conducted. This is important as many secondary metabolites are already used by humans. In the case of lignins, genes CCR and CAD have been identified as the encoders for the last and specific steps for monolignol biosynthesis, the first part of lignin pathway. Because of the complex nature of biochemical production, regulation of a certain pathway may affect other pathways as well. Such effects may be great enough to cause changes in phenotype. In the case of monolignol biosynthesis in tobacco, the silencing of both CCR and CAD genes resulted not only to a reduction of lignin production but to a decrease in plant size as well. The recent study by Thevenin et al. (2011) looked into the effects of silencing monolignol-specif ic CAD and CCR genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The plant contains two CCR genes, but only one, CCR 1, is specific for lignification. The mutant lines for this gene, irx4, ccr1s and ccr1g, are dwarves, have a reduced amount of lignin (25-35%), and have a modified set of phenolic metabolites. On the other hand, A. thaliana contains nine CAD genes, two of which, CAD C and CAD D, are involved in lignin biosynthesis. CAD C and CAD D double mutants, unlike CCR 1 mutants, has a normal size and 40% amount of lignin. The effects on leaf and flower morphology, lignin structure and content, amount of sugar, and other metabolites were observed. RESULTS Identification and Phenotyping of the ccc Triple Mutant After crossing ccr 1 g mutant with cad c and cad d double mutant, and producing ccc mutant, the absence of CCR 1, CAD C, and CAD D expression in ccc mutants was verified using RT-PCR. 1. Leaf Morphology The growth of wild type, ccc, cad c, cad d, and ccr 1 g from plantlets to senescence were observed at greenhouse conditions. At 30 days, the absence of CCR 1 caused the leaves to change its morphology from rosette to pointed and rolled. The decrease in leaf size was also noted most noticeably among ccc plantlets (5-fold shorter), and less prominently in ccr 1 g (3-fold shorter. On the other hand, the absence of both cad c and cad d expression did not cause any decrease in leaf size. 2. Flower Morphology More changes were observed in the flowers. Similar to leaves, the mature floral stem is smaller in ccc than in ccr 1 g mutants. However, when compared to the wild type, the triple mutant senesced later, despite its first inflorescence being prematurely shriveled. In addition, male flowers are sterile. Despite possessing normal pollens, the anthers were unable to release them. As a result, more than 50% of ccc mutants were not able to undergo seed germination. The ccc triple mutant possesses non-dehiscent anthers Initial flower development and stamen filament elongation we re similar in ccc and wild-type A. thaliana. However, ccc anthers, despite containing pollens whose sizes germinating capability (through Alexander and aniline blue staining) were similar to that of wild-type, did not dehisce as what normally happens. Probably, the absence of lignified secondary thickening observed among ccc plants may have caused the non-dehiscent of anthers. The ccr 1 g plants, on the other hand, have few

E-government problems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

E-government problems - Research Paper Example Past literature illustrates the application of e-governance within federal offices (Groznik, Kovacic & Trkman, 2008). This includes communication through information systems and the internet among federal offices. Researchers demonstrate that such communication is the prerequisite to the ability of government offices to have effective relations (DG Information Society and Media, 2007). It is in this regard therefore that e-governments have been said to employ technology in ensuring that all of its offices work towards a common goal of providing efficient and effective services to the public (Chee-Wee & Benbasat, 2009). It is however notable through a review of past literature on e-governments, that scholars have not reached specific definitions for all aspects of e-governance. This is demonstrated by the different understandings and descriptions of issues in e-governance such as effectiveness, applicability, user friendliness and the various applications that are used in the implemen tation of e-government across all platforms of government operations (Ong, Katerattanakul & Seok Jeong, 2008). Past research literature agrees that e-government and its design are aimed at benefiting citizens (Sarantis, Smithson, Charalabidis & Askounis, 2010). This includes workers across a nation that implements e-governance, ordinary citizens, practitioners and researchers (Kazemikaitiene & Bileviciene, 2008). The definition of e-government reveals how citizens benefit from its applications. For example most of past literature on the topic reports that e-government is a set of technological tools and applications which are designed with an aim of facilitating communication and interaction between citizens and the government (Teo, Srivastava & Jiang, 2008). More notable is the fact that past literature agrees that the satisfaction of citizens on e-governance is less satisfactory in most states (Svard, 2010). This is attributed to the challenges or problems that are faced by e-gove rnments as described in the following sections of the literature review. Failures in E-Government Leadership The process of acquisition, design, installation and implementation technology within government institutions, agencies and offices requires that proper monitoring and control is guaranteed for success (BBC, 2012). Even though past literature presents the various processes of developing e-governments differently, it is evident that proper leadership is vital for successful development of information systems within all levels of governance (Hakan & Karl, 2009). It is in this regard that researchers have focused at an evaluation of the leadership processes within government agencies that employ technology. Researchers report that several failures characterize the leadership of government agencies and departments in regard to the development of e-government applications (Groznik, Kovacic & Trkman, 2008). Among the most notable failures in leadership include poor control and mana gement of the initiation stage of e-government development and poor control of the implementation

Development of Dental Adhesive

Development of Dental Adhesive Dr. Muhammad Zakir, PhD Student Faculty of Dentistry Introduction Dental adhesive are considered as an important products in dentistry not only to provide a good adhesion between dental materials and the tooth structure but also for a good bonding between dental prosthesis and resin cements. The presence of a good dental adhesive between the two dissimilar surface not only increases the longevity of the material but also enhances the mechanical property of the prosthesis. Dental adhesives have been used widely in clinical restorative dentistry resulting in the bonding between the prosthesis and resin materials. Dental materials like zirconia, titanium, Cobalt-chromium alloys, other metal alloys and glass fibres are used as prosthesis and bonded to the tooth structure via resin composites. Many researchers have studied the effect of coupling agents or the adhesive agents used in industries in the dental field, giving good results of bonding between the substrate and resin cement. But, still the main problem remains i.e., that these adhesives are considered hydrolitically unstable when they are subjected to the conditions mimicing the oral cavity. The reason behind the development of novel coupling agents are to somehow increase the longevity of adhesion between the dental materials for the patient. There has been an evolution of the coupling agnets in dentistry as different types of coupling agents are now being used like for e.g., silane coupling agents, zirconia coupling agents, phosphate based coupling agents. Researchers and scientists have been thoroughly working on the enhancement of bonding by modifications of these dental adhesives. Literature Reivew Silanes in dentistry are used as primers for increasing the adhesion between various dental materials and prosthetic substrates. Silanes are also very biocompatible and cost-effective. Different studies have been conducted which have used different silanes for the adhesion of zirconia to resin cements, titanium, to resin cements and glass fibers to resin cements. But still not a single perfect material has been obtained. Some have hydrophilicity problems, some have the problem of reduced bond strength with aging and some have inferior adhesion properties when subjected to the oral conditions. A study done by Matinlinna et al. showed that the bond strength of four experimental silane systems between zirconia and resin cement the 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane(ACPS), 3-styrylethyltrimethoxysilane(STYRX), 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane(ICS), 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPS) with a cross linking silane monomer bis-1-2-(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE) was higher than the pre-activated dental silane product RelyX ceramic primer [1]. Similarly, another study by Matinlinna et al. stated that the by using some less usual functional monomers as experimental primers can enhance the bonding of resin to zirconia as the study proves by stating that 3-Acryloxypropyltrimehoxysilane, 3-glycidoxyproplytrimethoxysilane and styrylethyltrimethoxysilane increase the bonding of resin to zirconia when compared to the pre-activated dental silane product RelyX ceramic primer [2]. Zirconia is a very biocompatible material which has a high wear resistance due to it being dense. The zirconia which is used in dentistry has good mechanical and chemical properties making it a material of choice for many dental applications as it fulfills the functional requirements [3]. In dentistry Zirconia is used mainly as endodontic posts, implant abutments, crowns, bridges and implants. But the bonding of zirconia to resin is weak due to zirconia being an inert material. Thus, to promote the adhesion of zirconia to resins surface conditioning of zirconia is done mainly sandblasting with silica coated alumina particles followed by silanization with a silane coupling agent [4]. Titanium and its alloys are vastly used in the field of dentistry not only due to their biocompatibility but also due to their corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. In dentistry titanium and its alloys are used to make prothesis appliances like metal frameworks for fixed and romovable partial dentures, full crowns, bridges, endodontic posts and dental implants [5,6]. Titanium is cemented after surface treatment by tribochemical silica a type of sandblasting treatment and and then silanized to give good bonding as it is a non-silica based material [7]. One main problem related to this titanium is it’s weak bond to the resin cements. Thus, to cover these problems many methods have been proposed and tested mechanical retention, chemical retention or a combination of both [8]. Problem Statement Although there are quite a few adhesives which promote the bonding of different dental materials to the resin cements but most of them do not have a long term durability and with the passage of time the bond strength decreases leading to the failure of the prostheses due to the harsh oral environment. Therefore, there is a need for such an adhesive/bonding agent which not only has good bond strength but also is hydrolytically stable for a long time and being a long term solution for the patient. Aims and Objectives The aims of these studies will be to enhance the bonding/adhesion between zirconia-resin composite and Titanium – resin composite hydrolytically stable bonding systems: Studying the adhesive properties of a novel silane systems between Ti alloys – resin composites. Studying the adhesive properties of a novel silane systems between Zr alloys – resin composites. References Matinlinna JP, Choi AH, Tsoi JK-H. Bonding promotion of resin composite to silica-coated zirconia implant surface using a novel silane system. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 24, 2013, 290-296. Matinlinna JP and Lassila LV. Enhanced resin-composite bonding to zirconia framework after pretreatment with selected silane monomers. Dental Materials 27 (2011) 273-280. Matinlinna JP and Mittal KL. Adhesion aspects in dentistry, VSP/Brill, Leiden; 2009. Kaminski HD and Easton AD. Dental Materials Research, Nova Science, New York; 2009; 1-21. Matinlinna JP, Tsoi JK-H, de Vries J. Busscher HJ. Characterization of novel silane coating on titanium implant surfaces. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 24, 2013, 688-697. Lin J, Shinya A, Gomi H, Matinlinna JP, Shinya A. In vitro evaluation of bonding durability of self-adhesive resin cement to titanium using highly accelerated life test. Dental materials journal 2011, 30 (6): 837-844. Lung CYK and Matinlinna JP. Silanes for adhesion promotion and surface modification. Silane: Chemistry, application and performance, ISBN 978-1-62257-432-2; chapter 3; pages 87-109. Almilhatti HJ, Neppelenbroek KH, Vergani CE, Machado AL, Pavarina AC, Giampolo AC. Adhesive bonding of resin composite to various titanium surfaces using different metal conditioners and surface modification systems. J Appl Oral Sci. 2013;21 (6): 590-596.

Stephen in A Portrait of the Artist by James Joyce Essay -- James Joyc

Stephen in A Portrait of the Artist by James Joyce Stephen Dedalus, the main character in most of James Joyce's writings, is said to be a reflection of Joyce himself. In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the reader follows Stephen as he develops from a young child into a young artist, overcoming many conflicts both internally and externally, and narrowly escaping a life long commitment to the clergy. Through Joyce's use of free indirect style, all of Stephen's speech, actions, and thoughts are filtered through the narrator of the story. However, since Joyce so strongly identifies with Stephen, his character's style and personality greatly influence the narrator. This use of free indirect style and stylistic contagion makes Joyce's use of descriptive language one of his most valuable tools in accurately depicting Stephen Dedalus's developing ideals of feminine beauty. As a very young child Stephen is taught to idealize the Virgin Mary for her purity and holiness. She is described to Stephen as "a tower of Ivory" and a "House of Gold" (p.35). Stephen takes this literally and becomes confused as to how these beautiful elements of ivory and gold could make up a human being. This confusion is important in that it shows Stephen's inability to grasp abstraction. He is a young child who does not yet understand how someone can say one thing and mean something else. This also explains his trouble in the future with solving the riddles and puzzles presented to him by his classmates at Clongowes. Stephen is very thoughtful and observant and looks for his own way to explain or rationalize the things that he does not understand. In this manner he can find those traits that he associates with the Blessed Mary in his pro... ...human desires and realizes how beautiful love, passion, and devotion can be from an artist's perspective. Stephan Dedalus's transformation into a "priest of the arts" is parallel to the early life of James Joyce. Both struggle to deal with the conflicts of childhood and adolescence to find a balance in which they can happily live. Since A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is written in third person, yet employs the characteristics of the protagonist, Stephen Dedalus, the use of descriptive language is essential to the reader's understanding of the novel as a whole. James Joyce excellently uses his talent to successfully communicate Stephen's feelings so that we, the reader, can understand the development of his attitudes and ideals about feminine beauty. Works Cited Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: Penguin Group, 1977.